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THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 



OPEPwiTIONS OP THE UNITED STATES NAYY 
ON THE ASIATIC STATION. 



REPORTS 



OS" 



REAR-ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY 



ON THE 



BATTLE OF MANILA BAY, MAY 1, 1898, 



AND ON THE 



INVESTMENT AND FALL OF MANILA, MAY 1 TO AUGUST 13, 1898. 



WA^IllNGTOlT: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1900. 



Hoos Coilectio: 
190163 

1 O I o 



THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 



/ 
/ 



OPERATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NAYY 
ON THE ASIATIC STATION. 



REPORTS 



OB' 



REAR-ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY 



ON THE 



BATTLE OF MANILA BAY, MAY 1, 1898, 



AND ON THE 



INVESTMENT AND FALL OF MANILA, MAY 1 T^^ '^JGUST 13, 1898. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1900. 



t 



Til 



tL^ 



en 

LP 



MYAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY, MAY 1, 1898. 



HON.aKONG, April 4, 1898. 
Secretary of the Navy, WasMngton: 

I have chartered the British steamer Kanshan, having over 3,000 tons 
of coal now on board. Before the outbreak of hostilities can and would 
purchase this steamer. I request the earliest information in order to 
conclude arrangements. Can not be made after the outbreak of 

hostilities. 

Dewey. 



Washington, April 6, 1898. 
Dewey, Honglcong: 

Purchase immediately Kanshan and one more vessel for supplies. 
Charge special appropriation. Send the receipts to the Department. 
Enlist for special service, if possible, one year, unless sooner discharged, 
the crew of. Detach and order assume command of each an officer. 
Arm if possible. War may be declared. Condition very critical. 

Long. 



Washington, April 6, 1898. 
Dewey, Hongl-ong: 

The receipt of telegram of April 4 is acknowledged. I approve action. 
Expedite delivery. April 6 may be last opportunity. 

Long. 



Hongkong, April 6, 1898. 
Secretary of Kavy, WasJiington, D. C. : 

I have purchased Nanslian and I have engaged her crew. Will detail 
an officer for command. I have ordered three officers, 50 men from 
ilfo»ocacjf/ to fill vacancies here. Ihope to get another steamer. * * * 
The receipt of telegram April 6 acknowledged, to expedite delivery. 

Dewey. 

Washington, April 7, 1898. 
Dewey, Honglwng: 

Land all woodwork, stores, etc., it is not considered necessary to have 
for operations. 

Long. 



Hongkong, April 9, 1898. 
Secretary of Kavy, WasMngton: 

I have purchased the British steamer Zafiro, for supplies, for £18,000 
sterling. I will arm, equii), and man vessel immediately. 

Dewey. 



Washington, April 21, 1898. 
Dewey, Hongl-ong 

The naval force on the North Atlantic Station are blockading Cuba. 
War has not yet been declared. War may be declared at any moment. 
I will inform you. Await orders. 

Long. 



Washington, April 24, 1898. 
Dk'U'E Y, Hongliong : 

War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed 
at once to Philippine Islands. Commence operations at once, particu- 
larly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture vessels or destroy.- 
Use utmost endeavors. 

Long. 



Hongkong, Ajn-il 25, 1898. 
Secretary of ]!^avy, Washington: 

The squadron will leave for Manila, Philippine Islands, immediately 
upon the arrival of the United States consul from Manila. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, April 25, 1898. 
Secretary of Kavy, Washington: 

In accordance with the request of the governor of Hongkong, the 
squadron leaves to-day for Mirs Bay, China, to await telegraphic 
instructions. Address, Hongkong. I will communicate by tug. 

Dewey. 



Washington, April 26, 1898. ' 
Dewey, Songlxong: 

Following proclamation of the President of the United States is for- 
warded for your information : 

Whereas, by an act of Congress approved April 26, 1898, it is declared that war 
exists and that war has existed since the 21st day of April, A. D. 1898, including said 
day, between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain; and whereas, 
it being desirable that such war should be conducted upon priuciiiles in harmony 
with the present views of nations and sanctioned by their recent practice, it has 
already been announced that the policy of this Government will be not to resort to 
privateering, but to adhere to the rules of the declaration of Paris : Now, therefore, 
I, William McKinley, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the 
power vested in me by the Constitution and the laws, do hereby declare and pro- 
claim : One, the neutral flag covers the enemy's goods, with the exception of contra- 
band of war: two, neutral goods, contraband of war, are not liable to confiscation 
under the enemy's flag; three, blockades, in order to be binding, must be effective; 
four, Spanish merchant vessels in any ports or places within the United States shall 
be allowed till May 31st, 1898, inclusive, for loading their cargoes and departing 
from such ports or places, and such Spanish merchant vessels, if met at sea by any 
United States ship, shall be permitted to continue theix voyage, if, on examination 
of their papers, it shall appear that their cargoes were taken on board before the 
expiration of the above term, provided that nothing herein contained shall apply to 
Spanish vessels having on board any officer in the military or naval service of the 
enemy, or any coal, except such as may be necessary for their voyage, or any other 
article prohibited or contraband of war, or any despatch of or to the Spanish Gov- 
ernment; five, any Spanish merchant vessel which, prior to April 21, 1898, shall 
have sailed from any foreign port, or place in the United States, shall be permitted 
to enter such port or place, and to discharge her cargo, and afterwards, forthwith, 
to depart without molestation, and any such vessel, if met at sea by any United 
States ship, shall be permitted to continue her voyage to any port not blockaded; 
six, the right of search is to be exercised with strict regard for the rights of neutrals, 
and the voyages of mail steamers are not to be interfered with except on the clearest 
grounds of suspicion of a violation of law, in respect to contraband or blockade. 

In witness wliereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United 
States to be affixed. 



8 

Done at the city of Washington on the 26th day of April, in the year of onr Lord 
one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and of the Independenee of the 
United States the one hundred and twenty-second. 



By the President : 

John Sherman, Secretary of State 



William McKinley. 

Long. 



Hongkong, April 27, 1898. 
Secretahy of Navy, Washington : 

AVilliaras, the United States consul from Manila, has arrived. The 
squadron will sail immediately for the Philippine Islands. 



Dewey. 



Hongkong, May 7, 1898. (Manila, May 1.) 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington : 

The squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this morning. Imme- 
diately engaged enemy and destroyed the following Spanish vessels: 
Beina Christina, Castillia, Don Antonio de Biloa, Bon Juan de Austria, 
Isla de Luzon, Isla de Giiha, General Lezo, Marquis del Buaro, El Curreo, 
Velasco, one transport, Isla de Mandano, water battery at Oavite. I 
shall destroy Cavite arsenal dispensatory. The squadron is uninjured. 
Few men were slightly wounded. I request the Department will send 
•immediately from San Francisco fast steamer with ammunition. The 
only means of telegraphing is to the American consul at Hongkong. 

Dewey. 



Washington, May 3, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Eonghong: 

I send hearty congratulations to yourself and your ofiicers and men. 
The President highly appreciates your achievement. I await report 
from you, on receipt of which further action will be taken and any 
supplies that you wish will be forwarded. 

Long. 



Hongkong, May 7, 1898. (Cavite, May 4.) 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington: 

I have taken possession of the naval station at Cavite, Philippine 
Islands, and destroyed its fortifications. Have destroyed fortifications 
bay entrance, paroling garrison. Have cut cable to main land. I con- 
trol bay comi)letely and can take city at any time, but I have not suffi- 
cient men to hold. The squadron excellent health and spirits. The 
Spanish loss not fully known; very heavy; 150 killed, including cap- 
tain, on Beina Gristina, alone. I am assisting and protecting Spanish 
sick and wounded, 250 in number, in this hospital, within our lineb. 
Will ammunition be sent! I request answer without delay. I can 
supply squadron coal and provisions for a long period. Much excite- 
ment at Manila. Scarcity of provisions on account of not having econo- 
mized stores. Will protect foreign residents. 

Dewey. 



Washington, May 7, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul) Honglwng : 

The President, in the name of the American people, thanks you and 
your oiificersand men for your splendid achievement and overwhelming 
victory. In recognition he has appointed you acting rear-admiral, and 
will recommend a vote of thanks to you by Congress as a founda- 
tion for further j)romotion. The Charleston will leave at once with what 
ammunition she can carry. Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamer 
FeMn will follow with ammunition and supplies. Will take troops 
unless you telegraph otherwise. How many will you require ! 

Long. 



Washington, May 7, 1898. 
Sir: Under the authority of section 1434 of the Revised Statutes of 
the United States, you have been assigned to the command of the 
United States naval force on the Asiatic Station, with the rank of rear- 
admiral. 

You will hoist the flag of a rear-admiral, will wear the uniform, and 
will affix that title to your official signature. 
Eespectfully, 

John D. Long, Secretary. 
Commodore George Dewey, U. S. N., 

Commander in Chief U. S. Naval Force^ Asiatic Station, 

U. S. Flagship Olymj^ia. 



Hongkong, June 17, 1898. (Cavite, June 12.) 
Secretary of Nayy, Washington: 

The following is correct list Spanish vessels destroyed May 1: Two 
protected cruisers, Isla de Cuba, Isla de Luzon; five unprotected cruisers, 
Beina Christina, Castilla, Don A^itonio de Ulloa, Don Juan de Austria, 
VelasGO ; two gunboats. General Lezo, Marquis del Duero ; one transport, 
Isla de Mindano ; one surveying vessel, Argos, both armed. The follow- 
ing have been captured: One transport, Manila; one gunboat, Callao. 

Dewey. 

Manila, November 26, 1898. 
Secretary Navy, Washington: 

Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, and Don Juan de Austria have been 
raised and docked. My anticipations as to their value fully realized. 
Will leave shortly for Hongkong under their own steam. Constructor 
Capps deserving highest commendation. 

Dewey. 



119197. 

[Report of engagement of squadron with Spanish forces at Manila Bay.] 

No. 240 D.] U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olympia, Cavite, Fhilippine Islands, May 4, 1898. 

Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report of the opera- 
tions of the squadron under my command: 

The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27, immediately on the arrival 



10 

of Mr. O. F. Williams, United States consul at Manila, who brought 
imi)ortant information and who accompanies the squadron. 

Arrived off Boliuao on the moruiug of April 30 and, finding no ves- 
sels there, proceeded down the coast and arrived oif the entrance to 
Manila Bay on the same afternoon. 

The Boston and Concord were sent to reconnoiter Port Subic, I hav- 
ing been informed that the enemy intended to take position there. A 
thorough search of the port was made by the Boston and Concord^ but 
the Spanish fleet was not found, although, from a letter afterwards 
found in the arsenal (inclosed with translation), it appears that it had 
been their intention to go there. 

Entered the Boca Grande, or south channel, at 11.30 p. m., steaming in 
column at distance at 8 knots. After half the squadron had passed, a 
battery on the south side of the channel opened tire, none of the shots 
taking effect. The Boston and McCulloch returned the fire. 

The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow speed, and arrived 
off Manila at daybreak, and was fired upon at 5.15 a. m. by three bat- 
teries at Manila and two at Cavite and by the S])anish fleet anchored 
in an approximately east and west line across the mouth of BakorBay, 
with their left in sboal water in Canacao Bay. 

The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the flagship Olympia, 
under my personal direction, leading, followed at distance by the Balti- 
more, BaJeigh, Petrel, Concord, and Boston, in the order named, which 
formation was maintained throughout the action. The squadron opened 
fire at 5.41 a. m. While advancing to the attack, two mines Avere 
exploded ahead of the flagship, too far to be eflective. 

The squadron maintained a continuous and precise fire at ranges 
varying from 5,000 to 2,000 yards, countermarching in a line approxi- 
mately parallel to that of the Spanish fleet. The enemy's fire was 
vigorous, but generally iuelfective. 

Early in the engagement two launches put out toward the Olympia 
with the apparent intention of using torpedoes. One was sunk and 
the other disabled by our fire and beached before an opportunity 
occurred to fire torpedoes. At 7 a. m. the Spanish flagship Reina Chris- 
tina made a desperate attempt to leave the line and come out to engage 
at short range, but was received with such galling fire, the entire bat- 
tery of the Olympia being concentrated upon her, that she was barely- 
able to return to the shelter of the point. The fires started in her by 
our shell at this time were not extinguished until she sank. 

At 7.35 a. m., it having been erroneously reported to me that only 
15 rounds per gun remained for the 5-inch rapid-fire battery, I ceased 
firing and withdrew the squadron for consultation and a redistribution 
of ammunition, if necessary. 

The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous fire from the 
beginning of the engagement, which fire was not returned by this 
squadron. The first of these batteries was situated on the south mole 
head at the entrance to the Pasig River, the second on the south bastion 
of the walled city of Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half 
mile farther south. At this point I sent a message to the Governor- 
General to the effect that if the batteries did not cease firing the city 
would be shelled. This had the eftect of silencing them. 

At 11.10 a. m., finding that the report of scarcity of ammunition was 
incorrect, I returned with the squadron to the attack. By this time 
the tlagsliip and almost the entire Spanish fleet were in flames, and at 
12.30 1). m. the squadron ceased firing, the batteries being silenced and 
the ships sunk, burnt, and deserted. 



11 

At 12.40 p. m. the squadron returned and anchored off Manila, the 
Petrel being left behind to complete the destruction of the smaller gun- 
boats, which were behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed 
by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious and comxjlete 
manner possible. 

The Spanish lost the following vessels: 

Sunk — Beina Christina, CastUla, Don Antonio de TJJloa. 

Burnt — Don Juan de Austria, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, General 
Lezo, Marques del Duero, El Gorreo, Velasco, and Isla de Mindanao 
(transport). 

Captured — Bapido and Hercules (tugs) and several small launches. 

I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the enemy's killed and 
wounded, but believe their loss to be very heavy. The Beina Ghristina 
alone had 150 killed, including the captain, and 90 wounded. 

I am happy to report that the damage done to the squadron under 
my command was inconsiderable. There were none killed, and only 7 
men in the squadron very slightly wounded. As will be seen by the 
reports of the commanding officers which are herewith inclosed, several 
of the vessels were struck and even penetrated, but the damage was of 
the slightest, and the squadron is in as good condition now as before 
the battle. 

I beg to state to the Department that I doubt if any commander in 
chief, uuder similar circumstances, was ever served by more loyal, effi- 
cient, and gallant captains than those of the squadron now under my 
command. Capt. Frank Wildes, commanding the Boston, volunteered 
to remain in command of his vessel, although his relief arrived before 
leaving Hongkong. 

Asst. Surg. C. P. Kindleberger, of the Olympia, and Gunner J. C. 
Evans, of the Boston, also volunteered to remain after orders detacbiug 
them had arrived. 

The conduct of my personal staff was excellent. Commander B. P. 
Lamberton, chief of staff, was a volunteer for that position aud gave 
me most efficient aid. Lieut. T. M. Brumby, flag lieutenant, and 
Ensign W. P. Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal officers in a 
highly creditable manner. The Olyinpia being short of officers for the 
battery. Ensign H. H. Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for and 
was assigned to a subdivision of the 5-inch battery. 

Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in the United States Navy, 
and now correspondent for the New York Herald, volunteered for duty 
as my aid, and rendered valuable service. 

While leaving to the commanding officers to comment on the conduct 
of the officers and men under their commands, I desire especially to 
mention the coolness of Lieut, C. G. Calkins, the navigator of the 
Olympia, who came under my personal observation, being on the bridge 
with me throughout the entire action, and giving the ranges to tbe 
guns with an accuracy that was proven by the excellence of the firing. 

On May 2, the day following the engagement, the squadron again 
went to Cavite, where it remains. A landing party was sent to destroy 
the guns and magazines of the batteries there. The first battery, near 
the end of Sangley Point, was composed of two modern Trubia B. L. 
ritles of 15 centimeters caliber. The second was 1 mile farther down 
the beach, and consisted of a modern Cauet 12 centimeter B. L. rifle 
behind improvised earthworks. 

On the 3d the military forces evacuated the Cavite Arsenal, which 
was taken possession of by a landing party. On the same day the 



12 



Faleigh and Baltimore secured the surrender of the batteries on Corre- 
gidor Island, paroling the garrison and destroying the guns. 

On the morning of May 4 the transport Manila, which had been 
aground in Bakor Bay, was towed off" and made a prize. 
Yery respectfully, your obedient servant, 

George Dewey, 

Commoflorc^ U. S. -Y., 
Commanding U. 8. Naval Force on Asiatic station. 



The Secretaet of the Navy, 
Washington, D. 
(Bureau of Navigation.) 



C. 



134535. 
119197. 



[Complements of Spanish vessels destroyed at Manila.] 



No. 374-M.] U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olympia, Cavite, Philippine Islands, July 9, 1693. 
Sir : Referring to section 4635 of the Revised Statutes, 1 have the 
honor to forward the following list of the complements of the vessels of 
the enemy destroyed by the squadron under my command in the battle 
of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, taken from the official list of the Spanish 
Navy: 



Ship. 




Total 
comple- 
ment. 



Keina Christina 

Castilla 

Don Juan deAn.stria. 
Don Antonio de UUoa 

Isla de Cuba 

Isla de Luzon 

Marques del Duero . . . 

General Lezo 

Argos 

Velaaco 



352 
349 
179 
159 
156 
156 

96 
115 

87 
147 



1,796 



The Trans- Atlantic Company's steamer Isla de Mindanao was armed 
and took part in the battle, and was also destroyed. Her complement is 
not known, but it is estimated at 120. 

From the above it appears that the enemy had more men in this 
engagement than tae United States squadron. In this connection I 
beg to invite the attention of the Department to a letter from the com- 
manding officer of the Petrel, dated June 26, 1898, which has already 
been forwarded and which gives a statement by one of the crew of the 
Keina Christina, showing that the crews of the Spanish vessels were 
largely in excess of the complements given here. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

George Dewey, 

Rear- Admiral, U. 8. Y., 
Commanding U. 8. Naval Force on Asiatic Station. 
The Secretary of the Navy, 

Navy Department, ^¥ashington, D. G, 
(Bureau of Navigation.) 



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13 
119197. 

[Report of engagement at Manila Bay.] 

Fo. 6-0.] U. S. Flagship Olympia, 

Off Manila, PMUpplne Islands, May 3, 1898. 

Sir : 1 have the honor to make the following report of this ship's 
engagement with the enemy od May 1 : 

On April 30 we stood down for the entrance to Manila Bay. At 9.42 
p. m. the crew were called to general quarters (the ship having been 
previously cleared for action) and remained by their guns, ready to 
return the fire of the batteries if called upon. 

At about 11.30 p. m. we passed through Boca Grande entrance of 
Manila Bay. The lights on Corrigidor and Caballo islands and on San 
Nicolas Banks were extinguished. 

After this ship had passed in the battery on the southern shore of 
entrance opened fire at the ships astern, and the McGulloch and the 
Boston returned the fire. 

At 4 a. m. of May 1 coffee was served out to officers and men. At 
daybreak sighted shipping at Manila. Shifted course to southward and 
stood for Cavite. At 5.06 two submarine mines were exploded near, 
Cavite bearing south-southeast, distant 4 miles. At 5.15 battery on 
Shangly Point opened fire, but the shell fell short. Other shells passed 
over us, ranging 7 miles. At 5.41 a. m. we opened fire on Spanish ships 
with forward 8-inch guns, which were soon followed by the 5-inch bat- 
tery. A rapid fire was kept up until the close of the action. 

The range varied from 5,600 to 2,000 yards. 

A torpedo boat ran out and headed for this ship, but was finally 
driven back by our secondary battery. She came out a second time 
and was again repulsed. This time she had to be beached, as several 
shot had hit her. 

Batteries from Manila fired occasional shots at the ships during the 
action, but did no damage. 

At 6.20 turned to starboard and headed back in front of the Spanish 
line. The Olynqna led the column three times to the westward and 
twice to the eastward in front of the Spanish shij)s and shore batteries. 
On one occasion the Spanish flagship Beina Cristina was hit by an 
8-inch shell from our forward turret and raked fore and aft. At 7.35 
ceased firing and stood out into Manila Bay. 

The men went to breakfast. 

Many of the Spanish ships were seen to be on fire, and when we 
-returned at 11.16 to complete the destruction of the Spanish fleet only 
one, the Don Antonio de TJlloa, and the shore batteries returned our fire. 
The former was sunk and the latter were silenced. 

At 12.40 p. m. stood back to Manila Bay and anchored. 

Besides making the ordinary preparations of clearing ship for action, 
the heavy sheet chains were faked up and down over a bufler of awnings 
against the sides in wake of the 5-inch ammunition hoists and afforded 
a stanch protection, while iron and canvas barricades were placed in 
various places to cover guns' crews and strengthen moderate defenses. 

The vessel was struck or slightly hulled as follows: 

(1) Plate indented 1^ inches starboard side of superstructure just for- 
ward of second 5-inch sponson. 

(2) Three planks torn up slightly in wake of forward turret on star- 
board side of forecastle. 

(3) Port after shrouds of fore and main rigging. 

(4) Strongback of gig's davits hit and slightly damaged. 

(5) Hole in frame of ship between frames 65 and QQ on starboard side 
below jnain deck railj made by a 6-pounder. 



14 

(6) Lashing of port whaleboat davit carried away by shot. 

(7) Oue of the rail stanchions carried away outside of port gangway. 

(8) Hull of ship indented on starboard side 1 foot below main-deck 
rail and 3 feet abaft No. 4 coal port. 

The forward 8-iuch guns fired 23 shells. The ammunition hoist was 
temporarily out of commission on account of the blowing of the fuse. 
The right gun worked well with the electrical batteries. Battery of 
left gun failed to explode the primer after the first shot; also resistance 
lamp in dynamo circuit broken. Used percussion primers in this gun 
with good results after the first shot. 

The after turret fired 13 shells. Had three misfires with battery of 
right gun and two with dynamo circuit, as fuses blew out. In renew- 
ing fuses they were immediately blown out; so shifted to percussion 
primers with good results. In left gun 1 shell jammed, after which 
used half-full and half-reduced charge, which fired it. Battery of this 
gun gave good results. One primer failed to check gas. 

The smoke from the 5-inch battery and from the forward 8-inch guns 
gave considerable trouble, and in both turrets the object glass of the 
telescopic sights became covered with a deposit from the powder and 
had to be wiped off frequently. These are, nevertheless, considered 
good sights for heavy guns; but it is recommended that bar sights be 
installed in case of emergency, as there is no provision for sighting other 
than with the telescopes. 

The batteries for the 5-inch guns found to be unreliable. Used dynamo 
circuit on 3 guns with good results. Ammunition poor. Many shell 
became detached from the cases on loading and had to be rammed out 
from the muzzle. Several cases jammed in loading and in extracting. 
Guns and gun mounts worked well. Fired about 281 o-inch shell. 

Tfie 6pouuder battery worked to perfection, firiug 1,000 rounds. Fired 
300 rounds of 1-pounder and ],000 rounds of small-arm ammunition. 

From 9.42 p. m. of April 30 till 12.40 p. m. May 1, two divisions of the 
engineer's force worked the boilers and engines, keeping up steam and 
working well, notwithstanding the heat of the fire and engine rooms. 
The third division worked at their stations in the powder division. 

The ship needs no immediate repairs and is in excellent condition to 
engage the enemy at any time. 

There were no casualties nor wounded on this ship. 

Where every officer and man did his whole duty there is only room for 
general praise. Pay Inspector D. A. Smith, Fleet Pay Clerk Wm. J. 
Eightmire, and Pay Clerk W. M. Long all volunteered for and performed 
active service not required by their stations. Ensign H. H. Caldwell, 
secretary to the commander in chief, volunteered for fighting duty and 
was assigned to the command of a subdivision of the 5-iuch battery. 
Mr. J. L. Stickney, correspondent of the New York Herald (and formerly 
a naval ofiicer of exceptional ability), served as a volunteer aid to the 
commander in chief and rendered invaluable assistance in carrying mes- 
sages and in keeping an accurate account of the battle. One 0-pouuder 
was manned by a crew of marines, and two relief crews for the 5-inch 
guns and two for the 0-pounders acted as sharpshooters under Capt. W. 
Biddle, U. S. M. C. 

The range was obtained by cross bearings from the standard compass 
and the distance taken from the chart. 
I am, sir, very respectfully, 

Ch. V. Gridley, 
Captain JJ. 8. N'., Commanding U. 8. Flagship Olympia. 

The Commander in Chief, 

Asiatic Station. 



15 
119197. 

[Keport of engagement at Manila Bay May 1, 1898.] 

U. S. fc5. Raleigh, 
Off Manila, Luzon, May 4, 1898. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the opera- 
tions of this vessel of your squadron during the engagement with the 
Spanish squadron and shore batteries at Cavite, near Manila, on the 
morning of May 1, 1898 : 

At about 12.10 a. m. of May 1, when passing in column, natural order, 
abreast of El Fraile Island, at the entrance to the bay, I observed a 
flash, as of a signal thereon, and at about 12.15 a. m. a shot was tired 
from El Fraile, passing, as I think, diagonally between the Fetrel and 
this vessel. A shot was fired in return, but without effect, by the star- 
board after 5-inch gun of this vessel. 

At 5 a. m., when the squadron was nearly abreast the city of Manila 
and the flagship was turning to pass down toward Cavite, the Lunetta 
Battery, of apparently heavy guns, at Manila, opened fire and con- 
tinued so long as the squadron was in action. This vessel shifted posi- 
tion from starboard to port (inside) quarter of the Baltimore, and held 
that position until retired at 7.35 a. m. At a few minutes after 5 a. m. 
this vessel, so soon as the Spanish vessels at Cavite bore on the port 
bow„ opened fire with the 6-inch gun, and then with the 5-inch guns in 
snccession, as fast as they would bear. The secondary battery guns 
did not seem to reach the enemy, and their fire was soon stopped and 
not again used until the distance was considerably lessened. At 11.20 
a. m., when signal was made to reengage, this vessel started ahead full 
speed (using reserve speed) to keep up with the flagship, but it was 
found to be impossible, and falling behind all the time, I cut across to 
gain line abreast of Cavite Battery just as the flagship passed the Bal- 
timore at that port, at which time we opened fire with all guns. At 12, 
in obedience to signal, this vessel attempted to get into the inner har- 
bor to destroy enemy's vessels, but getting into shoal water — 20 feet — 
was obliged to withdraw, and so reported. While attempting to get 
inside, the battery was used on an enemy vessel at anchor (supposed 
to be the Don Antonio de Ulloa) until she sank. Not being able to find 
a channel farther inside, and everything in sight having been destroyed, 
this vessel, at 1.30 p. m., withdrew and later anchored near the flagship. 
I inclose a statement of the ammunition expended during the engage- 
ment. 

I am very pleased to report that the officers and crew behaved splen- 
didly. Each and every one seemed anxious to do his whole duty, and, 
so far as I can learn, did it. Their whole conduct was beyond praise. 

This vessel was struck but once, and then by a G-pounder shell, which 
passed through both sides of the whaleboat (above her water linej, and 
then glanced along the chase of the starboard 6-pounder on our poop. 
The gun was not injured, and the whaleboat but slightly, and she is 
again ready for service. 

I am happy to report that there were no casualties of any kind. 

This vessel at the close of the engagement was in as good condition 
as when it began, and without any preparation could have fought it 
over again. 

In conclusion, permit me to congratulate you upon the very brilliant 
victory you achieved over a naval force nearly equal to your own and 



16 

onckcil by extensive shore batteries of very heavy guns, and this \^ ith- 
oLit the h)ss of a sinole life. History points to no greater achievement. 
Very respectfully,. 

J. B. COGHLAN, 

Capiain, U. S. N., Commanding. 
Commodore George Dewey, U. S. N., 

Commander in Chief U. S. Naval Force, Asiatic Station. 



119197. 

[Report of engagement at Manila Bay May 1, 1898.] 

Ko. G.] U. S. S. Concord, 

Manila, May 2, 1898. 

Sir : In compliance with article 275, United States Navy Eegulations, 
I have to submit the following report of the late action so far as this 
vessel was concerned : 

In obedience to your orders I took position in line. In glassing the 
city a big gun 0])ened on the fleet, to which I replied with two shots. 
The Concord held her position in the line until your order to withdraw 
from action. 

Later in the day I was ordered by you to burn a transport. To arrive 
at the position of the transi^ort my course lay so as to open the dock- 
yard and vessels therein, at which I took a few shots with the 6-fnch 
battery. I succeeded in tiring the transport, which is still in flames. 

Each and every one of my subordinates did his whole duty with an 
enthusiasm and zeal beyond all praise. I am particularly indebted to 
the executive officer, Lieut. Commander George P. Colvocoresses, for the 
cool, deliberate, and efficient maimer with which he met each phase of 
the action, and for his hearty cooperation in my plans. Lieut. T. B. 
Howard, the navigator, proved that, like his father, he was ready to 
olfer his life to his country and flag. The officers of divisions — Lieut. 
P. W. Hourigan, powder; Lieut, (j. g.) C. M. McCormick, third gun; 
Ensign L. A. Kaiser, second gun, and Ensign W. C. Davidson, first 
gTin — performed every duty with zeal and alacrity. Ensign O. S. 
Knepper, in charge of signals, performed the duty as though he were 
in the daily habit of being under fire. P. A. Paymaster E. D. Ryan 
volunteered to take charge of the after powder division, and was most 
useful therein. The steam department, under Chief Engineer G. B. 
Eansom and P. A. Engineer H. W. Jones, was in a perfect condition, 
working as though on parade. Pay Clerk F. K. Hunt volunteered to 
assist the surgeon. The crew, one and all, worked with enthusiasm. 
I have nothing but praise for each and every man. 

I am happy to report that there were no casualties. The Concord 
was not hit. 

The following is a list of the ammunition expended : One hundred and 
fifteen 6-inch full charges, sixty-seven 6-inch reduced charges, six shrap- 
nel, one hundred and seventy-six 6-inch common shell, two hundred 
and twenty 6-pounder cartridges, one hundred and twenty 3-pounder 
cartridges, and sixty 1-pounder cartridges. 

I inclose a list of the ammunition remaining on board; also the report 
of the executive officer and of the chief engineer. 
Very respectfully, 

Asa Walker, 
Commander, TJ. S. N., Commanding. 

The Co:mmander in Chief U. S. Nayal Force, 

Asiatic Station. 



17 

U. S. S. Concord, 3d Rate, 

Manila Bay, May 3, 1S9S. 
Sir: Ihave the honor to submit the following report of the action in Manihi Bay: 
At 12.25 a. m., May 1, 1898, the Concord, being in her assigned position in the col- 
umn and cleared for action, entered the Boca Glrande. While passing Zl Fraile a 
rocket was fired and soon followed by a shot from a battery on shore. This ship 
eturned the lire. A second shot from the battery passed between our main and miz- 
zen masts and over. We fired again, after which the battery did not reply. 

At 12.45 a. m. we fired at a moving light on the starboard quarter, and it was 
extinguished. 

At 5.05 a. m., while approaching the anchorage off Manila, we were fired upon by 
a shore battery and two shots were exchanged; we also fired at a supposed torpedo 
boat that ran out from Cavite and was suuli by the Olympia'a g\\n». Another boat 
made for the Olympia, but meeting a warm reception, turned, ran on the beach, and 
was abandoned. 

The squadron, in splendid order, turned to the right when off the city and 
advanced on the Spanish fleet, which appeared in line of battle off Sangley Point, 
in Canacao Bay. They opened upon us at once, but most of their shots fell short. 
As we steamed past the enemy's line each vessel of our squadron delivered fire from 
her port battery and the effect was soon apparent. The ensign of a cruiser, which 
we took to be the lieina Cristiiia, was shot away, but hoisted again, and she took 
fire at 7.25 a. m., apparently from the effects of a shell from the Concord's third divi- 
sion, and the tire hose could be seen playing aloft. 

Three complete turns were made by our squadron in front of the enemy's line, 
the ships firing whenever the guns would bear. 

At 7.40 a. m. we ceased firing, in obedience to signal from the commander in chief, 
and at 8.10 a.m. the crews went to breakfast. At this time several of the enemy's 
ships were in flames and explosions took place on board one of them; some were 
sinking and others withdrawing for protection behind Canacao and Cavite. 

At 8.30, in obedience to a signal from the flagship, "Concord, go in and see what 
ships are on fire,'' this vessel promptly proceeded toward the Spanish line, but the 
order was annulled. 

At 9.25 a loud roi^ort was heard, which came from one of the Spanish cruisers, and 
was followed by flames and smoke. 

At 11.45 a. m. our squadron again stood in for the enemy, when signal was made 

for the Concord to destroy a large transport that was anchored well inside in shallow 

water and where there were a number of fish weirs. In passing we fired with groat 

effect at the curtain of the fort at Cavite and at two Spanish vessels. At this time 

the battery work of all our divisions was most excellent, exhibiting all the coolness 

and precision of ordinary target practice. On arriving within 2,500 yards of the 

transport we commenced firing with main and secondary batteries, and at the first 

round about ten boats loaded with men were seen to leave her and land on the beach. 

At 12.25 not a Spanish flag was flying in the harbor except from the staff of the 

sunken cruiser Don Antonio De UUoa, submerged behind Sangley Point; the Ecina 

Chrisfina was a mass of flames and sunk near the bastion at Cavite, and the CasiiUa 

was burning rapidly in Canacao Bay. The remaining vessels of the Spanish fleet 

sought refnge behind the arsenal and several of them were on fire; the guns at the 

I Cavite and Sangley batteries had almost ceased firing, and a white flag appeared on 

! the shears at the arsenal. 

The Concord continued firing at the transport in obedience to signal, and to hasten 
operations the first cutter and whaleboat, in charge of Ensigns Kaiser and Davidson, 
armed for cutting out, were got into the water, the former from the skid beams, 
i with the greatest promptitude and provided with inflammables, but before they had 
gone any distance it was discovered that the transport was on fire and the boats 
were recalled and hoisted in. At 1.45 we started to rejoin the squadron, but were 
ordered to go to the Petrel at Cavite, where she had been sent to destroy the vessels 
at the arsenal. She signaled as we anchored, "Have destroyed eight vessels here." 
White flags were flying at various i)oints on shore and there was no longer any 
i resistance. 

j The Boston ^]oiued us at 5.30. 

I During the engagement a number of shot and shell passed over and near us, but 
' neither the vessel nor her crew received damage from the enemy. 

The blocks of the whaleboat's falls and a chest hanging over the quarter, several 

panes of glass, and some crockery were injured by the concussion of our own guns. 

The zeal, energy, and steadiness displayed by all the men and officers while under 

fire are deserving of the greatest praise, and the thorough and etiicient working of 

the battery, the promptness of the ammunition supply, the completeness of prepa- 

I rations for the care of the sick and wounded, and the perfect working of the engines 

1371 2 



18 

and mechanical devices reflect the highest credit upon each of the oflficers of divisions 
and heads of departments of the ship under your command. 
Respectfully, your obedient servant, 

G. P. COLYOCORESSES, 

Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N., and Executive Officer, 
Commander Asa Walker, 

Comm,anding Concord. 



119197.] 

[Report of action of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898.] 

TJ. S. S. Baltimore, 
Manila, Philippine Islands, May 4, 1898. 

Sir: I have the honor to make the following report, as requir«nl by 
article 437, Navy Regulations, of the engagement of this ship with the 
Spanish fleet and shore batteries at Sangley Point, Cavite Bay, ou 
the 1st instant. 

At early daylight the fleet had reached a point close np to the shipping 
ofl' the city of Manila, when the sign;d was made, "Prepare for gen- 
eral action." Spanish batteries near Old Manila opened fire at long 
range at about the same time. Flagship leading, with port helm, bore 
down on the right of Spanish line of vessels, formed in a somewhat 
irregular crescent at anchor, extending from olf Sangley Point to the 
northeast, and in readiness to receive us, their left supported by the 
batteries ou Sangley Point. 

Following your lead in close order, our fire commenced with the port 
battery at about 5.40 a. m., at a distance of about (),(!00 yards. 

Our column passed down the enemy's line, turning with port helm as 
their left was reached, engaging them with starboard battery on the 
return. This maneuver was performed three times at distances from 
the enemy's ships varying from 2,600 to 5,000 yards, when you signaled 
to "withdraw from action" at 7."i5. 

Upon reaching a convenient distance in the bay, you signaled, "Let 
the people go to'breakfast;" and at 8.40, "Commanding officers repair 
on board the flagship." 

While on board the flagship I received an order to intercept a steamer 
coming up the bay, reported to be flying Spanish colors. 

Soon after starting on this duty I discovered the colors of the stranger 
to be British, and so reported by signal, you having in the meantime 
made general signal to get under way and follow your motions, this ship 
being at the time some 2 miles to the south southwest of the flagship on 
her way to intercept the supposed Spanish steamer. 

At 10.55 you made general signal, "Designated vessel will lead," with 
Baltimore's distinguishing pennant, and in a few minutes signal to 
"attack the enemy's batteries or earthworks" and for fleet to "close 
up;" in obedience to which order this ship led in, with starboard helm, 
to a position olf the Canacoa and Sangley Point batteries and opened 
fire with starboard battery at a distance of about 2,800 yards, closing 
in to 2,200, between which and 2,700 yards our best work was done, 
slowing the ship dead slow, stopping the engines as range was obtained, 
delivering a rapid and accurate tire upon the shore batteries and a gun- 
boat just inside of Sangley Point, since x)roven to have been the -Don 
Antonio de Z7//oa, practically silencing the batteries in question before 
the fire of another ship became ettective, owing to the lead we had 
obtained in our start for the supposed Spanish steamer. 

The fire of ships and batteries having been silenced and the white 



19 



1 1.20, 



flag displayed on the arsenal buildings at Cavite, you signaled a 
to "prepare to aiicbor," and at 1.30, "Anchor at discretion." ' 

The victory was complete. 

Tbe wind was light and variable during the first engagement and 
from the northeast; force L' to 3 during the second. 

The firing devices gave considerable trouble, extractors, sear springs, 
and firing pins bending and breaking, and wedge blocks iammiug. 
Electric firing attachments gave trouble by the grease and dirt inci- 
dent to firing insulating the connections, so much so that shortly after 
the engagement commenced they were abandimed for percussion, but 
coolness and steadiness replaced defective parts in the shortest i)ossible 
time. 

The ammunition supply was ample, and the test was conclusive so 
long as electric hoists are uninjured. 

The behavior of officers and men was beyond all praise. The accuracy 
and rapidity of their fire you were an eyewitness of. The steadiness 
and cool bearing of all on board who came under my observation was 
that of veterans. 

The fact that the ship was so rarely hit gave few opportunities for 
conspicious acts of heroism or daring, but the enthusiasm and cool 
steadiness of the men gave promise that they would have been equal 
to any emergency. 

I shiill report later such detail of individual merit as has been men- 
tioned by officers of divisions or that came under my own observation. 

I inclose {a) report of executive officer; (ft) surgeon's rejjort of casu- 
alties; ((!) carpenter's report of damages; [d) report of ammunition 
expended. 

Very respectfully, N. M. Dyer, 

Captahi, U. 8. N., Commanding, 

The Commander in Chief TJ. S. Kaval Force, 

Asiatic jStation. 



TJ. S. S. Baltimore, 

Off Manila, May 3, 1898. 

Sir: Tn compliance with article 525, United States Navy Regulations, I have the 
following ici^ort to submit of the action of May 1, at Cavite: 

The Baltimore was engaged twice during the day in company with the other 
vessels of the squadron. The action of tlie battery and the conduct of all con- 
nected with it and its service were admirable. It is difficult to discrimiuate where 
coolness and efficiency prevailed throughout the ship's company. The spirit and 
readiness of all were in the highest degree commendable. The service of the guns 
and the delivery of ammunition were mi st prompt, and the experience has indicated 
to me thai when occasion demands, the supply of ammunition is sufficient to meet 
all probable wants. 

The Baltimore was struck live times, with small projectiles, all of which, with one 
exception, ex])loded or broke up. The most serious hit, happily attended with no 
serious injury to any officer or man, came from a 4.7-inch steel projectile, which 
entered the ship's side forward of the starboard gangway, about a foot above the 
line of the main deck. It passed through the hanimuck netting, downward through 
the deck planks and steel deck, herding and cracking deck beam in wardroom state- 
room No. 5, then glanced upward through the after engine room coaming, o»er 
against the after cylinder of No. 3 6-inch gun (port), carrying away lug and start- 
ing several shield bolts and putting the gun out of commission; deflected over to 
the starboard side, striking a ventilator ladder and dropping on deck. In its pas- 
sage it struck a bov of 3-pounder ammunition of the fourth division, es^ploding 
several charges, and wounded Lieutenant Kellogg, Ensign Irwin, and 6 men of the 
gun's crew — none very seriously. A second shot came in about a foot above the 
• berth deck, just forwaixl of the blowers, passed through the 'tliwart-ship alleyway, 
hitting the exhaust pipe of the starboard blower, causing a slight leak. A third 



20 

shot struck about 2 feet above the water line on the port side, abreast bunker 
B-110, pa-^secl into the bunker, cutting blower drain and main air duct, and explod- 
ing in bunker. A fourth shot came in about 6 feet above the berth deck, starboard 
Bide, abreast the forward end of the forward wash room, and broke up in a clothes 
locker. A fifth struck the starboard forward ventilator, slightly bending it. 

The upper cabin skylight, the after range finder, and the two whaleboats hang- 
ing at the davits were all destroyed by the shock of discharge from the 8-inch guns 
of the second di\ ision. 

The holes in the port side were tempor:irily plugged with leak stoppers and after- 
wards patched with rubber and iron patches. 

No. 4 gun Avas got ready for use by the afternoon of May 2, Ensign N. E, Irwin 
devoting intelligent personal efforts to the accomplishment of the work. 
Very respectfully, 

J. B. Briggs, 
Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N., Execittice Officer. 

The Commanding Officer. 



119197. 

[Eeport of action at Manila Bay, May 1, 1898.] 

TJ. S. S. Petrel, 
Manila Bay, May 4, 1898. 

Sir: I respectfully report as follows conceruiiig my sliare in the 
action fought by the fleet under your command in Manila Bay, off 
Oavite, on the morning of May 1, 181)8: 

The ship had been partly cleared for action at Hongkong and on the 
run to Manila. Went to quarters for action at 9.45 p. m. of April 30, 
and all preparations were completed. Hammocks were not piped down, 
but men were allowed to sleep at their guns. 

The position of Petrel was fourth from head of column, astern of 
Baleigh and ahead of Concord. We passed in through Boco Grande, 
about 1 mile from El Fraile. All lights were masked and only stern 
lights showing. At 11.10 a rocket and light were shown from Corregidor 
Island, and just as the Eale'ujh and Petrel came abreast El Fraile three 
shots were tired from a shore battery on the rock, these being promptly 
replied to by the Baleigh, Concord, and Boston. We steamed slowly up 
the bay, and just as day was breaking, about 5 o'clock, the shore bat- 
teries below Manila began firing. It was scarcely light enough to dis- 
tinguish signals from this vessel when flagship made signal to "Prepare 
for action," so signal was repeated from the Baltimore. During time 
column was forming and closing up, the batteries from below IManila 
■were firing. As flagship stood to southward the ships and batteries at 
Cavite began their firing, and gradually, as we approached, we could 
make ont ships under way in harbor and three guns on shore firing. 
The battery of this vessel began firing at 5.22 by the deck clock at a 
range of 5,000 yards. 

The column circled three times from east to west in front of shore, stand- 
ing in a little nearer each time, the first time being 3,000 yards and the 
third time 1,800 yards. During these three rounds this vessel expended 
ninety-two 6-inch common shells, eighty-two 6-inch full charges, ten 
reduced charges, and two hundred and fifty-three 3-pounders. Several 
times during rounds had to cease tiring on account of smoke and in 
order to economize ammunition. The greater part of our great-gun fire 
was at the Peina Christina and Castilla, the former steaming around 
the harbor and the latter anchored about 500 yards oft' Sangley Point; 
but the other and smaller vessels were fired at when opportunity offered. 
Especially was the tire of the rapid-tire guns aimed at a yellow launch, 
which was apparently a torpedo boat trying to tnrn our flank. The 



21 

navigator, Lieut. B. A. Fiske, was stationed in tlie top with a stadi- 
meter to determine the distance and report upon the eliieiency of the 
fire. 

At 7.30 we ceased firing and withdrew from action in obedience to a 
signal from lingship to fleet to tliat effect. The men were given their 
breakfast. While withdrawing the enemy continued firing until we 
were well out of range, aiul the batteries below Manila were firing at 
intervals during breakfast. At 11, wben the signal was made to get 
under way, the Petrel followed OJijmpia and stood well in. While 
steaming across the fire the signal was hoisted for the Petrel to pass 
inside. 

This vessel left her station, passed outside of Baltimore, and rounded 
Sangley Point about 5U0 yards outside of where Castilla was burning. 
The fire was then directed at the Don Antonio de Ulloa, and when it 
was found that she was siidiiug and deserted, the ship passed farther 
inside and opened fire upon the ships behind inner breakwater and 
whose masts were seen above government buildings. During the firing 
on the UUoa a white flag with a Geneva cross was discovered in range 
with her, and I stood in further so as to get it out of range. After the 
first two or three shots fired through the public building at ships behind 
the mole, the Spanish flag was, at 12.30 p. m., hauled down and a white 
flag run up. The surrender was immediately signaled to fleet and firing 
ceased. 

In obedience to a signal from flagship to destroy all shipping in the 
harbor. Lieutenant Hughes was sent with a whaleboat's crew of seven 
men, this whaleboat being the only one on the ship which would float, 
and set fire to the Don Juan de Austria, Isla de Cuba, Isla de Luzon, 
General Lezo, and Marques del Duero. Afterwards Ensign Fermier was 
sent to set fire to the Velasco and JEl Correo. The Isla de Cuba, Isla de 
Jjuzon, and Don Juan de Austria were aground and full of water when 
they were fired. Their outboard valves were opened and the ships 
allowed to fill. The breech plugs of 4-inch guns had been taken oft' and 
could not be found. Daring the night the magazines of the Don Juan 
de Austria blew up. The Manila was not burned because the Spanish 
oflicers begged that she be not destroyed because she was unarmed and 
a coast-survey vessel. Lieutenant Fiske and Passed Assistant Engi- 
neer Hall raised steam on the ship this morning, the ith instant, and 
brought her out. At the time she was aground. The Don Antonio de 
UUoa was sunk and the Reina Christina and Castilla were burning in 
outer harbor. 

Lieutenant Fiske was sent ashore and brought off two tugboats, the 
Fapido and Hercules, and three steam launches. 

1 was anchored in Cavite harbor from 12.50 to 5.20 p. m., when I got 
under way and returned to the fleet. 

There were no casualties or accidents of any kind, the ship having 
been struclc only once just beneath hawse pipe by a piece of shell 
which burst just as it sank, and threw a column of water over the 
forecastle. 

After the white flag was displayed, there was apparently the great- 
est confusion in the arsenal. Parts of the crews of the various ships 
were there, and all were armed and were constantly falling in and 
moving about; yet there was no evidence of any desire to continue the 
fighting, and instead of any resistance being offered to the destruction 
of the ships, they were rather inclined to assist with their advice and 
evinced a desire to surrender to the first officer they met. 



22 

The action of ammuiiiUoii was exceedingly good. There was 
expended during action, one hundred and thirteen G-inch common 
shells, three 0-inch armor-piercing shells, eighty-two 6 inch full charges, 
thirty-four 6-inch reduced charges and three hundred and thirteen 
3-pounder ammunition. Owing to the heat due to firing, the pads 
swelled and made it very diflQcult to lock the breech plug. Notliing 
would remedy this save shifting plugs, replacing hot plug by the one 
from the other gun which was cool. The wedge of firing lock jammed 
frequently, due to hot parts. This was remedied by shifting locks. 

The percussion primers worked very unsatisfactorily; sometimes four 
primers would be expended before one would act. Primers leaked 
badly, causing excessive deposit in primer seat, hard extraction, and 
delay in priming of gun and requiring frequent boring of vent. 

The action of no one can be censured, the conduct of each and every 
officer and man being excellent. There was no confusion; I should say 
less than at ordinary target practice. 

The loading was rapidly done and the firing was deliberate. Due to 
your caution to commanding officers that no ammunition should be 
wasted, Lieutenant Plunkett fired the forward Oinch guns and Ensign 
Fermier the after ones, and the work was thoroughly done. Lieuten- 
ant Hughes stationed himself on the poop, as it was deemed essential 
that he should not be with the commanding officer on the bridge. He 
materially assisted Ensign Fermier by observing fall of shot and ten- 
dering advice regarding pointing. I wish paiticularly to call to your 
attention Lieutenant Hughes, his gallantry in taking a boat's crew of 
seven men and in the face of a large armed force on shore setting fire 
to the five sh]])s before mentioned. He was aware that he had the only 
boat in the ship which would float, until the steam whaleboat could be 
l^reivared. 

Lieutenant Fiske stationed himself on the fore cross trees with sta- 
dimeter to measure the range and report on the fall of shots. He also 
took charge of the steam whaleboat to cover Lieutenant Hughes in his 
operations in burning the ships. 

Lieutenant \N'ood had charge of the powder division, assisted in the 
after part by Assistant Paymaster Seibels, there was at no time a halt 
in the firing due to failure of the powder division. 

Ensign Montgomery was in charge of the signals, and materially 
assisted me on the bridge. He also directed the fire of the forward o- 
pounder when it was allowed to be fired. He also affi)r(lc'd assistance 
to Lieutenant Plunkett by observing the fall of shots from the forward 
6-inch guns. 

I desire also to mention the efficient service of the engines. In order 
to maintain our position and to take advantage of every opportunity, 
the engine telegraph was in constant use from full speed to stop, and 
the engine never failed to respond in tlie (luickest time x)ossible. This 
I consider to lie due to the high state of efficiency of that department, 
and the whole credit is due to Passed Assistant Engineer HalL 

1 can make no statement regarding the services of Passed Assistant 
Surgeon Brownell, as the Petrel was most fortunate in having no 
casualties. 

I inclose the report of the executive officer. 

Very respectfully, E. P. Wood, 

Commander, U. 8. N., Commanding. 

The Commander in Chief U. S. Naval Force, 

Asiatic station. 



23 

U. S. S. Petrkl, 
Off Cavite, Manila Bay, May :?, ISOS. 

Sir: In accordance witli the requirements of article 525, U. S. Navy Regulations, 
I have the honor to submit the following report concerning th(> part taken l>y this 
vessel in the general action fought yesterday off Cavite, in Manila Bay: 

The ship was gradually cleared for action, this work having been begun in Hong- 
kong, when the fore and foretopsail yards, fore trysail gatf, ladders, diving outfit, 
part of the running rigging, etc., were placed on board the transport Nanslian, and 
completed the day before the squadron entered Manila I3ay. In the o])er:iti()n of 
preparing the ship for action certain articles and material in the equipment and con- 
struction departments were necessarily thrown overboard. Among these may be 
mentioned all of the varnishes, intlammable paints and oils, tar, turpentine, etc., 
lumber, two boats' strong baclcs, one turpentine chest, one ice chest, one large ham- 
mock box, the carpenter's bench, etc. During the action the discharge of the after 
6-inch guns shattered the gig and first whaleboat and they were cut adrift, carrying 
•with them their outfits complete. These boats have been temporarily replaced by 
two taken from the enemy. 

No description of the maneuvers during the action is included in this report. As 
regards the Petrel, the first shot was fired at 5.22 a. m. and the last one, before haul- 
ing off for breakfast, was tired at 7.30 a. m. The times of beginning and finisliing 
the firing during the second part of the action were, respectively, 11.30 a. m. and 
12.30 p. m., at which latter time the Spanish flag on the arsenal sheers in Cavite was 
hauled down. 

The return of ammunition expended will be made by the ordnance officer; but, 
approximately, about one-third of the entire supply on board for the 6-inch guns 
was expended, including a large proportion of common shell and full charges. So 
far as could be observed, the fuses acted exceedingly well, all the shell bursting. 
Some complaint was made by the officers commanding gun divisions that the primers 
frequently failed, both electric and percussion. 

The bearing of all on board was satisfactory in the extreme, and I can specially call 
attention to no one in this connection. With little excitement, a quiet enthusiasm 
and the utmost steadiness prevailed throughout the ship's company. The practice 
of the gun ca])tains was excellent, being both deliberate and precise. 

After the action was over, in obedience to your instructions, boat's crews from this 
vessel burned the following Spanish ships lying in Cavite harbor: The protected 
cruisers Don Juan de Austria, 1,160 tons; Isla cle Luzon, 1,050 tons; Isla de Citha, 1,050 
tons; the gunboats (leiieral Lezo, 520 tons; Marques del Duero, 500 tons; JEl Correo, 
and one (not engined) name unknown. 

On rejoining the squadron the Petrel towed from Cavite to the anchorage off Manila 
two small tugs — the llapido and Hercules — and three steam launches, which were 
this morning turned over to the flagship. 

No casualties occurred on board. The vessel was not hit, save for a scratch on the 
stem, and no rejiairs will be necessary. That part of the equipment sacrificed in 
clearing for action should be replaced. 

Very respectfully, Edwd. M. Hughes, 

Lieutenant, U. S. N., Executive Officer. 

The COMMANDIXG OFFICER, 

U. S. S. Petrel. 



119197. 

[Report of action at Manila Bay, May 1, 1898.] 

U. S. S. Boston, 2d Eate, 
Fort Cavite, Manila Bay, May 3, 189S. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the part 
taken by this vessel in the late action with the Spanish fleet on the 
morfjing- of May 1. 

At daylight the merchant ships offJManila were seen, and soon after 
the Spanish fleet, close in to Cavite. This vessel was the sixth in the 
column and brought up the rear. Several shots were tired by the bat- 
teries in Manila, and two shots were given in reply. At 5,3."3 [a. m,] action 
with the enemy commenced and was continued at varying distances, 
steaming in a circle, until 7,35 a, m., tiring with a fair degree of delibera- 
tion and accurac}^ At times the smoke was dense, interfering very 
materially with maneuvering and tiring. 



24 

The Spanish fleet and shore batteries replied vigorously, and an 
attempt was made with an improvised torpedo boat, but our fire was 
overpowering and the enemy received heavy damage and loss. 

In obedience to signal, I withdrew from action at 7.35 and gave the 
crew breakfast and rest. 

At 11.10 the action was renewed and continued until the enemy 
ceased firing and his ships were all burned, sunk, or withdrawn behind 
the arsenal of Cavite. 

This vessel was struck four times by enemy's shot, doing no material 
danuige. Our own fire destroyed three of our own boats and badly 
damaged three others. 

No casualties occuired. 

The conduct of officers and men on this trying occasion was of the 
very highest quality, and they bore themselves with courage and spirit 
and entirely to my satisfaction. It also gives me pleasure to bear wit- 
ness to the courage and resolntion of the Spanish fleet and to say that 
they defended themselves creditably. 

Very respectfully, Frank Wildes, 

Captain, TJ. 8. N'., Commanding, 

The Commander in Chief, 

Coinnuinding U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station. 



U. S. S. Boston, 2d Rate, 

Manila Bay, Mai/ 1, 1898. 
Sir: In accordance with article No. 525, U. S. Navy Eegulations of 1898. 1 have the 
honor to make the followinjij report of the noteworthy incidents which came under 
my observation on board this ship during the engag^ement this day with the Spanish 
fleet and shore batteries at Cavite. This vessel being stationed at the rear of the 
column, did not come into action until after the other ships. Firing commenced 
from the port main battery at 5.35, and continued until 7.35 a.m. The quantity of 
ammunition on board at the beginning was as follows: 

Main battery: 

Full charges, 8-inch B. L. R 77 

Reduced charges, 8-inch B. L. R 91 

Armor-piercing shells, 8-iuch B. L. R 40 

ConunoD shells, 8-inch B. L. R 147 

Full charges, 6-inch B. L. R 254 

Reduced charges, 6-iuch B. L. R 138 

Armor-piercing shells, 6-inch B. L. R 60 

Common shells, 6-inch B. L. R 352 

Shrapnel, 6-iuch B. L. R 4 

Secondary battery: 

Steershell, 6 pounder R. F 663 

Common shell, 6-ponuder R. F 406 

Steel shell. 1-pounder R. F 800 

Common shell, 1-pounder R. F , 258 

Caliber, .45 55,660 

Caliber, .38 16,100 

Steel shell 3-pounder R.F 608 

Common shell, 3-pounder R. F , 482 

Steel shell, 47-millimeter 576 

Common shell, 47-millimeter 513 

Steel shell, 37-milli meter 700 

Common shell, 37-millimeter 1, 192 

The guns were served rapidly and well. There being no quick and accnrate method 
of finding the range, it was found that a considerable number of the shots apparently 
fell short. Had the ship been provided with a range finder the eft'ectiveness of the 
firing would have been somewhat increased; as it was, tbe result was generally 
good. After passing the enemy a countermarch was made, and fire was opened with 
the starboard battery. This maneuver was repeated several times, until the enemy 



25 

seemed to be silenced. During this part of the engagement full charges with com- 
mon shell were used in all guns of the main battery. The guns gcm-rnlly worked 
well, but after an hour's fighting it was found that most of the breech pliigs of the 
6 and 8 inch guns were expanded by the heat, so as to make it a .somewliat difHcult 
operation to close the breech. After tiring tlae forward 8-inch for lialf an liour ic 
was found necessary to put in a new g.is check pad, and the tiring was then con- 
tinued. The wire breechings of No. 2 6-inch gun (starboard) were carried away near 
the end of the tiring. The lock of No. 3 6-inch (port) was disabled and a spare one 
substituted. The vent of the port after 6-inch became choked up about tlie end of 
the first engagement, and a spare mushroom was substituted. At T.o') the tleot 
hanlcd off for a rest and consultation. The enemy's ship L'ehia Clirislina and the 
smaller vessels had withdrawn behind the point and were on tire. The Ciistillawns 
apparently aground. This latter vessel was set on fire an;! abandoned by the enemy. 

The action was resumed at 11.10 a. m., the st. rboard battery being first engaged. 
The reply was principally from the forts, but these were soon silenced. Advantage 
had been taken of the interval to put the battery in order again. The breechings 
on No. 2 6-inch were replaced by the gunner's mate of the division. The guns were 
still very hot, and the breech plugs became still harder to work. The forward 8-inch 
gun was put out of commission for about twenty minutes from this cause. At 12.20 
the ship was turned aronud and the port battery brought into play. At 12.40 p. m. 
"cease firing" was sounded, a white flag having been raised at Cavite. 

During the whole engagement the ammunition supply was kept up in a highly 
efficient manner. As soon as a gun was fired, another cliarge was on hand. It wa^ 
intensely hot on the berth deck and in the magazines and shell rooms. Several of 
the after powder division were temporarily disabled from this cause, and men had 
to be taken from the second and third divisions to fill their places. 

The following quantity of ammunition remained on hand at the end of the action: 

8-inch full charges, B. L. R 31 

6-inch full charges, B. L. R 93 

8-inch reduced charges, B. L. R 89 

6-inch reduced charges, B. L. R 137 

6-pounder steel shell, R. F 443 

3-pounder steel shell, R. F 448 

l-pounder steel shell, R. F 560 

3-1 ounder common shell, R. F 482 

47-millimeter common shell, R. F 513 

8-inch shell, armor piercing, B. L. R 40 

6-inch shell, armor piercing, B. L. R 60 

8-inch common shell, B. L. R 99 

6-inch common shell, B. L. R 210 

47-millimeter steel shell, R. F 480 

37-millimeter steel shell, R. F 520 

6-pounder common shell, R. F 406 

1-pouniler common shell, R. F 258 

37-millimeter common shell, R. F 1,192 

The following very slight injuries resulted from the enemy's fire: 4-inch shell 
pierced foremast 13 feet 7 inches above the upper deck, going through from starboard 
to ])ort, cutting one swifter of standing rigging on port side ; one 2-inch shell pierced 
turtle back 5 feet forward of port amidship 6-inch gun, 5 feet from gun deck; one 
2-inch shell pierced ship's side 14 inches above load line, passing tlirongh stateroom 
No. 5 on port side, exploding berth and drawers; one 2-inch shot pierced the o.itside 
shell of hammock netting on port side abreast after end of chart room, exploding on 
inside among some men's clothing, setting it on fire; a shell grazed after part of 
the main topmast, just above the lower cap. 

The discharge of the after 8-inch gun, when it was pivoted to port and fired across 
the deck, caused great damage in the rooms below on the port side ; the seams of the 
deck were opened to some extent. • 

Toward the end of the first period of firing the electric- bell system of communica- 
tion with the central station became partially disabled, the shock of the discharge 
breaking the wires. 

The sliip's boats were covered with canvas with their sails disposed on the inboard 
side. They received injuries from the discharge of guns in their vicinity as follows: 

First whaleboat: Side blown out and back broken; complete wreck. 

First cutter: Starboard quarter blowu ofi'; 8 timbers and gunwale broken; plank- 
ing all over opened and split; complete wreck. 

Second cutter: PTve planks blown ont; bow timbers started, bow sagged; stern 
timbers liroken away from fastenings and planking started; seams all opened; com- 
plete wreck. 

Third cutter: Whole port quarter broken from fastenings; can be repaired on 
board. 



26 

Sailing launch: Whole starboard strake on port side blo-wn oft'; one after frame 
broken; can be repaired on board. 

Dingy: Calking started; can be repaired on board. 

Steamlaunch : Starboard side three planks blown olf bow ; wood ends started from 
stem; deck planks started; boat spread; planking on starboard side started from 
fastenings; calking generally started; can not be repaired on board. 

There were no casualties among the creAv. The shell which pierced the foremast 
did not explode, but scattered small pieces of iron from the mast which slightly 
scratched one or two of the occupants of the bridge. 

Too much can not be said in praise of the conduct of the ofScersand men who came 
under my observation. Very few if any of them had ever been under tire before, but 
their coolness was remarkalde. They were full of zeal, energy, and enthusiasm, and 
were untiring. Where the conduct of all was so commendable it would be impossi 
hie to sinj-le out any individual for special praise. One noteworthy feature was the 
eoiuluct of the Chinese messmen who were stationed in the after powder division. 
While they are usually considered entirely alien in their ideas and are not regarded 
as good lighters, yet in this case they displayed as much zeal, bravery, and energy as 
any other person. The uninterrupted ammunition supply in the after part of the 
ship was largely due to their eftorts. 

The three men, William Woods, seaman; Charles VV. Lenderman and William R. 
White, apprentices, first class, sentenced by general court-martial to terms of impris- 
onment and who were made prisoners at large the day before the engagement, dis- 
played the same zeal, bravery, and energy which characterized the rest of the crew. 
Very respectfully, 

J. A. NoftRfS, 
Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N., Executive Officer, 

The Commanding Officek, 

U. S. *S'. Boston, 2d Rate, Manila Bay. 



119197. 

[Eeport of action at Manila Bay May 1, 1898.] 

U. S. Steamek McCulloch, 

Manila Bay, May 3, 1S98. 

Sir: Eegarding: the part taken by this vessel in the naval action of 
Manila Bay at Cavite, on Sunday morning, May 1, 181)8, between tlie 
American and Spanish forces, I have the honor to submit the following- 
report : 

Oonstitutiiiji^ the leading- vessel of the reserve squadron the McCul- 
locli was, when lire opened, advanced as closely as was advisable in 
rear of our engaged men of war, in fact, to a point where several shells 
struck close aboard and others passed overhead, and kept steaming 
slowly to and fro, ready to render any aid in her power, or respond at 
once to any signal from the Ohnnpia. A 9-inch hawser was gotten up 
and run aft, should assistance be necessary in case any of our ships 
grounded. At a later hour during the day, just prior to the renewal 
of the attack by our squadron, I intercei)ted the British mail steamer 
Esmeralda, in compliance with a signal from the flagship, comiiiunicated 
to her commander your orders in i egard to his movements, and then pro- 
ceeded to resume my former position of the morning, near the lieet, 
where I remained until the surrender of the enemy. I desire to state 
in conclusion that I was ably seconded by the ofiicers and crew of my 
command in every effort made to be in a state of readiness to carry out 
promptly any orders which might have been signaled from your 
llagship, 

Bespectfully, yours, D. B. Hodgsdon, 

Captain, B. C. S., Commanding. 

Commodore George Dewey, IJ. S. N., 

Commanding U. S. JS^aval Force on At^iatic Station. 



27 
121046. 

[Account of United States consul at Manila of battle of Manila Bay.] 

Department of State, 

Washington, June 17, 18D3, 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for your information a 
copy of an unnumbered dispatch of the 4th ultimo from the consul at 
Manila, Philippine Islands, giving an account of the battle of Manila 
Bay. 

Eespectfully, yours, William 11. Day. 

The Secretary of the I^avy. 



[Special— U. S. S. Baltimore.] 

CONSITLA'J'E OF THE UNITED STATES, 
Bay of Manila, Philippine Islands, May 4, 1898. 

Sir: I have the honor to briefly report to you concerning the battle 
of Manila Bay, fought on May 1, 1898. 

Heeding your mandate, and by relocated request of Commodore 
George Dewey, of the United States Asiatic Squadron, I left Manila 
on Saturday, April 23, and on Wednesday, Ajiril 27, at about 1 o'clock 
p. m., boarded the flagship Olympia, in Mirs Bay, in Hongkong. After 
meeting the Commodore and his captains and commanders in council, 
the Commodore at once ordered his fleet to start at 2 j). m. for Manila 
Bay. 

On Saturday, April 30, Subig Bay was reconnoitered because of 
reported hiding of Spanish fleet in its inner harbor, but no fleet being 
there found, the Commodore proceeded at once to the south channel 
entrance to jNIanila Bay, and while by many reports mines, torpedoes, 
and land defenses obstructed entrance, yet the flagship led the van, 
and between 10 p. m., April 30, and 2 a. m.. May 1, our fleet of six 
war ships, one dispatch boat, and two coal-laden transports j)assed all 
channel dangers unharmed, despite shots from forts, and at 2 a. m, 
were all safe on the broad expanse of Manila Bay. 

After my departure April 23, and by drawing fire, to save Manila if 
possible, all Spanish war ships went to their strongly fortified naval 
station at Cavite, where the inner harbor gave refuge, and where poten 
tial support could be had from several forts and well-equipped batteries 
which extended several miles right and left from Port Cavite. 

At about 5.30 a. m., Sunday, May 1, the Spanish guns opened fire at 
both the Manila breakwater battery and at Cavite, from fleet and forts. 

With magnificent coolness and order, but with the greatest jjrompt- 
ness, our fleet, in battle array, headed by the flagship, answered the 
Spanish attack, and for about two and a half hours a most terrific fire 
ensued. 

The method of our operations could not have shown greater system, 
our guns grenter ettectiveness, or our oflicers and crews greater bravery; 
and while Spanish resistance was stubborn and the bravery of Span- 
ish forces such as to challenge admiration, yet they were outclassed, 
weighed in the balance of war against the methods, training, aim, and 
bravery shown on our decks, and after less than three hours' perilous 
and intense combat one of Spain's war ships was sinking, two others 



28 

were burning, and all others, with hind defenses, had severely suffered, 
when our squadron, with no harm done its ships, retired for breakfast. 

At about 10 o'clock a. m. Commodore Uewey renewed the battle, and 
with effects most fatal with each evolution. 

No better evidence of Spanish bravery need be sought than that, 
after the castigation of our first engagement, her ships and forts should 
again answer our fire, But Spanish efforts were futile. Ship after ship 
and battery after battery went to destruction before the onslaught of 
American energy and training, and an hour and a half of our second 
engagement wrought the annihilation of the Spanish fleet and forts, 
with several hundred Spaniards killed and wounded and millions in 
value of their Government's i)roperty destroyed. While amazing, 
almost unbelievable, as it seems, not a ship or gun of our fleet had 
been disabled, and, except on the Baltimore^ not a man had been hurt. 

One of the crew of the Baltimore had a leg fractured by slipping and 
another hurt in the ankle in a similar manner, while four received slight 
flesh wounds from splinters thrown by a 6-inch projectile, which pierced 
the starboard side of the cruiser. 

But in the battle of Manila Bay the United States squadron of six 
war ships totally destroyed the Spanish fleet of eight war ships, many 
forts and batteries, and accomi)lished this work without the loss of 



a man 



History has only contrasts. There is no couplet to form a compari- 
son. The only finish fight between the modern war ships of civilized 
nations has i:)roven the prowess of American naval men and methods, 
and the glory is a legacy for the whole people. Our crews are all hoarse 
from cheering, and while we suffer for cough drops and throat doctors, 
we have no use for liniment or surgeons. 

To every ship, oflicer, and crew, all praise be given. As Victoria was 
answered years ago, " Your Majesty, there is no second," so may 1 report 
to your Department as to our war sliips conquering the Spanish fleet in 
the battle of Manila Bay — tliere is no first — "there is no second." The 
cool bravery and efficiency of the commodore was echoed by every cap- 
tain and commander and down through the lines by every oft^icer and man, 
and naval history of the dawning century will be rich if it furnishes to 
the world so glorious a display of intelligent command and successful 
service as must be placed to the credit of the United States Asiatic 
Squadron under date of May 1, 1808. 

It was my lot to stand on the bridge of the Baltimore by the side of 
Captain Dyer during the first engagement, and to be called to the flag- 
ship Oli/mpia by the commodore, at whose side, on the bridge, I stood 
during the second engagement, and when the clouds roll by and 1 have 
again a settled habitation, it will be my honor and j^leasureto transmit 
a report showing service somewhat in detail and for Avhich commanders 
promise data. 

Meanwhile our commodore will officially inform you of events whicli 
will rival in Ameriiian history the exploits of Paul Jones. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, 

Oscar F. Williams, 
U. 8. Consul, Manila, Fhilippine Islands, 

Hon. Judge Day, (Not acting.) 

Assistant Secretary of State, Washington, D. C» 



29 

THE BATTLE OF CAVITE. 

Spanish Official Report. 

departure for suuic. 

On the 25tli of April, at 11 p. m., says Senor Montqjo, I left the bay 
of Mauila for Subic with a squadron composed of the cruisers Ixcina 
Cristina, Don Juan de Austria, IsJa de Cuba, Isia de J^uzon, dispatch 
boat Marques del Buero, and the wooden cruiser CastiUa. This last 
could merely be considered as a iloating battery, incapable of maneuver- 
iug, on account of the bad condition of her hull. The following morn- 
ing, being at Subic, I had a conference with Captain Del Eio, who, 
though he did not relieve my anxiety respecting the completion of the 
defensive works, assured me that they would soon be finished. 

In the meanwliile the cruiser CastiUa, even on this short cruise, was 
making much water through the bearings of the propeller and theopen- 
ing astern. They worked day and night to stop these leaks with cement, 
finally making the vessel nearly water-tight, but absolutely impossible 
to use her engines. 

On the morning of the 27th I sailed with the vessels to cover the 
entrance to the port of Subic. The CastiUa was taken to the northeast 
point of the island of Grande to defend the western entrance, since the 
eastern entrance had already been closed with the hulls of the !S((n 
Quintin and two old merchant vessels which were sunk there. 

With much disgust, I found that the guns which should have been 
mounted on that island were delayed a mouth and a half. This sur- 
prised me, as the shore batteries that the navy had installed (with very 
little difticnlty) at the entrance of the bay of Manila, under the intelli- 
gent direction of colonel of naval artillery, Senor Garces, and Lieutenant 
Beneavente, were ready to fight twenty-four days after the commence- 
ment of the work. 

I was also no less disgusted that they confided in the eflficacy of the 
few torpedoes which they had found feasible to put there. 

The entrance was not defended by torpedoes nor by the batteries of 
the island, so that the squadron would have had to bear the attack of 
the Americans with its own resources, in 40 meters of water and with 
little security. Our vessels could not only be destroyed, but they could 
not save their crews. I still held a hope that the Americans would not 
go to Subic, and give us time for more preparations, but the following 
day I received from the Spanish consul at Hongkong a telegram which 
said: "Enemy's squadron sailed at 2 p. m. from the bay of Mira, and 
according to reliable accounts they sailed for Subic to destroy our 
squadron, and then will go to Manila." 

This telegram demonstrated that the enemy knew where they couhl 
find my squadron and that the port of Subic had no defenses. 

The same day, the 28th of April, I convened a council of the captains, 
and all, with the exception of Del Eio, chief of the new arsenal, thouglit 
that the situation was insupportable and that we should go to the bay 
of Manila in order to accept there the battle under less uutavorable 
conditions. 

THE RETUrX TO MANILA. 

I refused to have our ships near the city of Mauila, because, far from 
defending it, this would provoke the enemy to bombard the plaza, which 
doubtless would have been demolished on account of its few detenses. 
It was unanimously decided that we should take position in tlie bay ot 



30 

Cana Cao, in the least water possible, in order to combine our fire with 
that of the batteries of Point Sangley and Ulloa. 

I immediately ordered Del Itio to concentrate his forces in the most 
strategic point of the arsenal, taking every disposition to burn the coal 
and stores before allowing them to fall into the power of the enemy. I 
sent the Don Juan de Austria to Manila to get a large number of light- 
ers tilled with sand to defend the water line of the CastiUa (which could 
not move) against the enemy's shells and torpedoes. At 10 a. m. on the 
2()tli I left Subic with the vessels of my squadron, towing the CastiUa by 
the transport Manila. 

In the afternoon of the same diiy we anchored in the Gulf of Canacao 
in 8 meters of water. On the following morning we anchored in line of 
battle, the Christina, CastiUa, Don Juan de Austria, Don Juan de UUoa, 
Luzon, Cuba, and Marques del Duero, while the transport Manila was 
sent to the Koads of Bacoor, where the Velasco and Lezo were undergoing 
repairs. 

At 7 p. m. I received a telegram from Subic announcing that the 
enemy's squadron had entered the port at 3, reconnoitering, doubtless 
seeking oui' ships, and from there they sailed with course for Manila. 

The mail steamer Isla Mindanao arrived in the bay. I advised her 
captain to save his vessel by going to Singapore, as the enemy could 
not get into the entrance probably before midnight. As he was not 
authorized from the trans- Atlantic he did not do so, and then I told him 
that he could anchor in shallow water as near as possible to Baeoor. 

At midnight gun fire was heard off Corregidor, and at 2 on the morn- 
ing of the 1st of May I received telegraphic advices that the American 
vessels were throwing their search lights at the batteries of the entrance, 
with wliich they had exchanged several sbots. I notified the command- 
ing general of the arsenal, Senor Sostoa, and the general-governor of 
the plaza, Capt. Senor Garcia Pana, that they should prepare them- 
selves. I directed all the artillery to be loaded, and all the sailors and 
soldiers to go to their stations for battle, soon to receive the enemy. 

This is all that occurred since I sailed to Subic until the entrance of 
the American squadron in the bay of Manila. 

THE ARKIVAX, OF THE ENEMY. 

The squadron being disposed for action, adds Seiior Montojo, fires 
spread, and everything in i)roper place, we waited for the enemy's 
arrival. 

All the vessels, having been painted dark gray color, had taken down 
their masts and yards and boats to avoid the effects of projectiles and 
the splinters, had their anchors buoyed and cables ready to slip 
iustantl3^ 

At 4 a. m. I made signal to prepare for action, and at 4.45 the Austria 
signaled the enemy's squadron, a few minutes after which they were 
recognized, with some confusion, in a column parallel with ours, at 
about 6,000 meters distant; the llagship Olympia ahead, followed by 
the Baltimore, Raleigh, Boston, Concord, Helena^ Petrel, and McCiUloch, 
and the two transports Zajiro and Nanshan. 

The force of these vessels, excepting transports that were uoncom- 
batant, amounted to 21,410 tons, 49,290 horsepower, 163 guns (many 
of which were rapid fire), 1,750 men in their crews, and of an average 
velocity of about 17 miles. The power of our only five effective shii:)s 
for battle was represented by 10,111 tons, 11,200 horsepower, 76 guns 
(very short of rapid fire), 1,875 crew, and a maximum speed of 12 miles. 



31 

THE FIRE FROM SHORE. 

At 5 the "batteries on Point Sangley opened fire. The two first shots 
fell short and to the left of the leading vessel. Tliese shots were not 
answered by the enemy, whose principal object was the squadron. 

This battery only had two Ordonez j]funs of 15 centimeters mounted, 
and but one of these could fire in the direction of the opposing tleet. 

In a few minutes one of the batteries of Manila opened hre, and at 5.15 
I made signal that our Sfpiadron open tire. Tlie enemy answered 
immediately. The battle became general. We slipped the springs and 
the cables and started ahead with the engines, so as not to be involved 
by the enemy. 

THE BATTLE. 

The Americans fired most rapidly. There came upon us numberless 
projectiles, as the three cruisers at the head of the iine devoted them- 
selves almost entnely to fight the Cristiua, my flagship. A short time 
after the action commenced one shell exploded in the forecastle and ])ut 
out of action all those who served the four rapid-tire cannon, making 
splinters of the forward mast, which wounded tlie helmsman on the 
bridge, when Lieut. Jose Nunez took the wheel with a coolness worthy of 
theg reatest commendati(m, steering until the end of the tight. In the 
meanwhile another shell exploded in the orlop, setting lire to the crews' 
bags, which they were fortunately able to control. 

The enemy shortened the distance between us, and, rectifying his aim, 
covered us with a rain of rapid fire projectiles. At 7.30 one shell de- 
stroyed completely the steering gear. I ordered to steer by hand while 
the judder was out of action. In the meanwhile another shell exploded 
on the poo]i and put out of action 9 men. Another destroyed the mizzeu 
masthead, bringing down the flag and my ensign, which were replaced 
immediately. A fresh shell exploded in the officers' cabin, covering the 
hospital with blood, destroying the wounded who were being treated 
there. Another exploded in the ammunition room astern, filling the 
quarters with smoke and preventing the working of the hand steering 
gear. As it was impossible to control the fire, 1 had to flood the maga- 
zine when the cartridges were beginning to explode. 

Amidships several shells of smaller caliber went through the smoke- 
stack and one of the large ones penetrated the fire room, putting out 
of action 1 master gunner and 12 men serving the guns. Another 
rendered useless the starboard bow gun ; while the fire astern incrciised, 
fire was started forward by another shell, which went through the hull 
and exploded on the deck. 

The broadside guns, being undamaged, continued firing until there 
were only one gunner and one seaman remaining unhurt for firing them, 
as the guns' crews had been frequently called upon to substitute those 
charged with steering, all of whom were out of action. 

THE DESTRUCTION OF OUR SHIPS. 

The ship being out of control, the hull, smoke pipe, and mast riddled 
with shot or confused with the cries of the wounded ; half of her crew out 
of action, among whom were 7 officers, I gave the order to sink and 
abandon the ship before the magazines should explode, nmking signal 
at the same time to the Cuba and Luzon to assist in saving the rest of 
the crew, which they did, aided by others from the Diicro and the 
arsenal. 



32 

I abandoned the Cristina, directing beforehand to secure her flag, and 
accompanied by my staff, and with great sorrow, I hoisted my flag on 
the cruiser Isla de Cuba. 

After having saved many men from the unfortunate vessel, one shell 
destroyed her heroic commander, Don Luis Cadarso, who was directing 
the rescue. 

The Ulloa, which also defended herself firmly, using the only two 
guns which were available, was sunk by a shell which entered the 
water line, putting out of action her commander and half of her remain- 
ing crew, those which were only remaining for the service of the two 
guns stated. 

The Castilla, which fought heroically, remained with her artillery 
useless, excei)t one stern gun, with which they fought spiritedly, was 
riddled with sliot and set on fire by the enemy's shells, then sunk, and 
was abandoned by her crew in good order, which was directed by her 
commander, Don Alonzo Algado. The casualties on this ship were 23 
killed and HO wounded. 

The Austria, very much damaged and on fire, went to the aid of the 
GastiUa. The Luzon had three guns dismounted, and was slightly 
damaged in the hull. The Duero remained with one of her engines use- 
less, the bow gnu of 12 centimeters and one of tlie redoubts. 

At S o'clock in the morning, the enemy's squadron having suspended 
its fire, I ordered the ships that remained to us to take positions in the 
bottom of the Koads at Baccor, and there to resist to the last moment, 
and that they should be sunk before they surrendered. 

THE SINKING. 

At 10.30 the enemy returned, forming a circle to destroy the arsenal 
and the sliips whi<;h remained to me, 0[)ening upon them a horrible fire, 
which we answered as far as we could with the few cannon which we 
still had mounted. 

There remained the last recourse to sink our vessels, and we accom- 
l)lished this operation, taldng care to save the flag, the distinguishing 
pennant, the money in the safe, the portable arms, the breech plugs of 
the guns, and the signal codes. 

After wliich I went with my staff to the Convent of Santo Domingo 
de Cavite, to be cured of a wound received in the left leg, and to tele- 
graph a brief report of the action, with i)reliminaries and results. 

THE JUDGMENT OF THE ADMIRAL. 

It remains only to say that all the chiefs, officers, engineers, quarter- 
masters, gunners, sailors, and soldiers rivaled one another in sustaining 
with honor the good name of the navy on this sad day. 

The inefficiency of the vessels which com])osed my little squadron, 
the lack of all classes of the i)ersonnel, especially master gunners and 
seamen gunners; the inaptitude of some of the provisional machinists, 
the scarcity of rajiid-ftre cannon, the strong crews of the enemy, and 
the unprotected character of the greater part of our vessels all con- 
tributed to make more decided tlie sacrifice which we made for our 
country and to prevent the possibility of the horrors of the bombard- 
ment of the city of Manila, with the conviction that with the scarcity 
of our force against the superior enemy we were going to certain death 
and could expect a loss of all our ships. 

Our casualties, including those of the arsenal, amounted to 381 men 
killed and wounded. 



33 



[Translation.] 



Office of the Staff of the Commander in Chief 
OF THE Station and Squadron of the Philippines, 

Manila, April 24, 1898. 

It having beeu resolved to go out with the squadron for the port of 
Subic, uot ouly for the defense of that important port but also as a 
strategic harbor for operations which may occur, the staff is placed in 
charge of the necessary orders from these headquarters. 

As commandant of the Cavite arsenal I have nothing to say to your 
excellency concerning its defense, as the chief commander and officers 
will know how to defend the interests of the nation, trusting the valor, 
zeal, and intelligence of all those who, with the slight and feeble 
resources upon which we can count, will do everything possible to guard 
the honor of the ilag and the navy. 

Go on, sir, in the ordering and equipping as much as you think neces- 
sary for the common purposes which concern our interests. 

You will use the telegraph to report to me all that you think impor- 
tant for your affairs in all departments, as well as the cable to commu- 
nicate with the Government. 

As long as possible communicate by way of Paranaque and Malate 
and also with the batteries of the coast by signals as well as by boats. 

If you need merchant vessels to equip with torpedo tubes, which may 
be effective in such vessels, you will also equip them, etc. 

MONTOJO. 

The Commandant of the Cavite Arsenal. 



April 25. — Copy. 



1371- 



SiGUiLLY, Secretary. 



INYESTME^^T AW FALL OF MAj\1LA, 
MAY 1 TO AUGUST 13, 1898. 



35 



OPERATIONS ON THE ASIATIC STATION. 

INVESTMENT AND FALL OF MANILA. 

Washington, May 12, 1898. 
• Dewey, Honglong, China: 

In case of attack by a superior force, would you desire submarine 
mines'? If so, how many, and what length of cable, et cetera? About 
fifty mines with equipments in readiness here. Whereabouts of four 
Spanish armored cruisers is uncertain. Left Cape Verde Islands on 
April 29. 

Long. 



Hongkong, May 12, 1898. 
Seoretaey of Kavt, Washington: 

There is little change in the situation since my last telegram. I am 
transferringto transports steel breech-loading rifles from sunken Spanish 
men-of-war; also stores from arsenal in my possession, lam maintaining 
strict blockade. Add vlr^/os to the list of destroyed vessels. Ul Gorreo 
■prohahly EI Cano. I send this telegram to Hongkong. * * * It has 
been reported at Manila that Pelayo and another vessel are en route to 
Philippine Islands. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, May 15, 1898. (Cavite, May 12.) 
Secretary of the Kavy, Washington: 

I thank the President for my promotion. Forcibly recommend that 
Commander Lamberton, chief of staff; Captains Wildes, the commander 
of the Boston; Coghlan, the commander of the Baleigh; Gridley, the 
commander of the OJymjna; Dyer, the commander of the Baltimore; 
Walker, the commander of the Concord ; Wood, the commander of the 
Pef re/— without whose aid I could have done nothing, each to be advanced 

ten numbers. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, May 15, 1898. (Cavite, :May 13.) 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington: 

The squadron thanks the President for his message in your telegram 
of May 7. I am maintaining strict blockade of ^Manila by sea. and 
believe rebels are hemming in by land, although they are inactive and 
making no demonstrations. Great scarcity of provisions in the city. 
I believe the Spanish Governor-General will be obliged to surrender 
soon. I can take Manila at any moment. To retain possession and 
thus control Philippine Islands would require, in my best judgment, 

37 



38 

well-equipped force of 5,000 inen, altiiou^li United States troops sent 
by Peltin will be very useful to relieve the Oli/mpia of guarding Cavitr 
United States troops should make provision for extremely hot, moist 
climate. Spanish force is estimated 10,000 men. The rebels are reported 
30,000 men. I should suggest the Charleston or PeJcin bring a few 
officers and about 100 men, partly Engineers Department, to man trans- 
port Manila and captured vessels. I ain loading Manila with ordnan(;o 
from the Spanish man-of-war. I propose to assign Lieutenant-Coin- 
mander Singer to command. Captured on May 12 the Spanish gun 
vessel Callao attemptmg to run blockade; released on j)arole officers 
and men. I have plenty of coal for tlie present and can purchase more 
in Chinese ports. Will hold frequent communication with Hongkong. 
One British, one French, two German, one Japanese men-of-war here, 
observing. Baltimore requires immediately one Mark IV mount for 
one 6-inch B. L. E., a sui)ply of extractors for Hotchkiss 3-pounders 
and for Hotchkiss 6-pounders; also locks most recent design for main 



battery. 



Dewey. 



Washington, 3fay 15, 1898. 
Dewey, Hongl'ong: 

Following is quotation from joint resolution tendering thanks of Con- 
gress to Commodore George Dewey, U. S. N., and to officers and men 
of squadron under his command : 

Eesolred hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, in Congress 
assembled, That in pursuance of the recommendation of the President, the thanks of 
Congress and of the American people are hereby tendered to Commodore George 
Dewey, United States Navy, commander in chief of the United States naval force 
on the Asiatic Station, for highly distinguished conduct in conflict with the enemy, 
as displayed by him in the destruction of the Spanish fleet and batteries in the har- 
bor of Manila, Philippine Islands, May first, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight. 
That the thanks of Congress and the American people are hereby extended, through 
Commodore George Dewey, to the officers and men under his command for the gal- 
lantry and skill exhibited by them on that occasion. 

This act having been approved by the President of the United States 
on May 10, you bave been commissioned a rear-admiral. Department 
takes great pleasure in transmitting this information to you, which you 
will convey to officers and men under your command. 

Long. 



W^ASHINGTON, May 16, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong : 

Eeceipt of your telegram of May 13 is acknowledged. The Depart- 
ment will send officers and men for transport, etc. ; also ordnance arti- 
cles for Baltimore. About 1,200 United States troops will leave on 
board Pehin about May 21. The Charleston will leave about May 18. 
If the Spanish guns are serviceable and have projectiles, could not they 
be mounted at Caroline Islands? It is advisable, perhaps, to destroy. 
There are rumors of possible Spanish exi^edition to oj)erate about the 
Philii)pine Islands. 

Long. 



39 

Washington, May 16, 1S98. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongl;onf) : 

Following information requested as soon as possible by General Mcr- 
ritt, who will command troops for Philippines: First, what is total 
strength of Spanish forces in island? Second, how much of this force 
in or about Manila? Third, what proportion of troops is Spanish and 
what native? Fourth, what amount aud caliber of held artillery have 
they? Fifth, can we operate field artillery, or will mountain artillery 
alone be practicable? Sixth, what number of horses can be had in or 
near Manila? What work are they equal to? Seventh, what food 
supplies are imperative to bring ? Eighth, will bridge trains be needed, 
and how much? Answer iu cipher. 

Long. 



Washington, May 19, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongliong : 

Have received information to the effect that 10,000 tons of coal are at 
Yap Island, Carolines. 

Long. 



Washington, May 19, 1898. 
Dewey, Honglwng : 

Following rule enforced in blockade of Cuban ports : Allow thirty 
days from establishment of blockade to neutral vessels lying in any 
blockaded Philippine port to issue therefrom with innocent neutral 
cargo. Cases of British ship Ancaios, Marion Woodwide, Austria, 
Oweenee, JJelcairnie, bound for American or British ports, specially 
brought to notice of this Government. You may extend the time a 
few days, if necessary, on account of delay in cabling. 

Long. 



Washington, May 20, 1898. 
Dewey, HongJcong: 

Feldn and Charleston proceed at once to Manila, touching at Guam, 
Ladrone Islands, where will ca])ture fort, Spanish oflicials, and garri- 
son aud act at discretion regarding coal that may be found. 

Long. 



Washington, May 20, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Eonglong: 

Peports are current to the effect that Carlos V, Pelayo, Alfonso XI L 
and some transports sailing to the Philippine Islands with large body 
troops. Other reports say they are bound for the east coast of tlu^ 
United States, and one report states they have sailed for the latte»- 
destination; but as our means of receiving intelligence from Spain arc 
very untrustworthy, you are given this information for what it may bi- 

worth. 

Long. 



40 

noNGKONG, May 19, 1S98. (Received Washington, May 19.) 
Day, Washinyton : 

This answers Long's cable to Dewey. From best information obtain- 
able, Dewey can not reply under week. Twenty (one?) thousand 
ypanish troops, of which 4,000 native and 2,000 volunteers. All but 
1 ,000 at Manila. They have ten mountain guns, no large field artillery, 
proven last rebellion not practicable. Plenty good ponies, 12 hands 
high, ^o food Phillippines, but rice. Large supply should be taken 
for insurgent allies. 

WiLDMAN. 



Washington, May 21, 1S9S. 
Dewey, Hongkong: 

Steamship Pekhi, 1,200 men, 400 tons ammunition, and other sup 
plies, accompanied by army transports. City of Sydney and Avstralia, 
with several thousand troops, will leave San Francisco, May 24, for 
Philippine Islands, via Honolulu, stopping there for coal. Should 
arrive off Cape Engano, northeast corner island Luzon, in about 
twenty-four days. Have one of your vessels there to convoy them to 
Manila. They are unarmed. 

Long. 



Washington, May 22, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglxong : 

Have private information the Spanish are using cable Boliuao to 
Hongkong. Inland line intact from Manila to Boliuao. 

Long. 



Washington, May 24, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong : 

You will report guns of recent design captured, the number of, kind, 
ammunition supply, and generally the availability of mounting in- 
shore battery. 

X Long. 



Hongkong, May 24, 1898. (Cavite, May 20.) 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

Situation unchanged. Strict blockade is continued. Great scarcity 
prevails at Manila. Foreign subjects fear an outbreak of the Spanish 
soldiers. Arrangements have been made tor them to be transferred to 
Cavite by the foreign men-of-war, if necessary. Aguinaldo, the rebel 
commander in chief, was brought down by the McCidloch. Organizing 
forces near Cavite and may render assistance that will be valuable. I 
do not consider submarine mines practicable here, on account of great 
depth and width of bay and entrance. If attacked by superior force, 
the squadron will endeavor to give good account of itself. The Ameri- 
can bark Saranac was captured oft" Iloilo, Philippine Islands. Upon 
the arrival of the Charleston with ammunition, I j)ropose to reca])ture 
and to clear the island of small Spanish gun vessels. When is Charles- 
ton expected to arrived I request you will send to the Asiatic Station 



41 

the Bennington and the Yorlfoirn, if possible. Will be more nsolnl 
tlijiii the Philaddphia. How many trooi)S coming here PcMn! WIkmi 
expected to arrive? I request send provisions for the squadron— L*,0()0 
men for three months. ^Also small stores. 

Dewey. 



Washington, May 26', J898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honfikong : 

You must exercise discretion most fully in all matters, and be gov- 
erned according to circumstance which you know and we can not know. 
You have our confidence entirely. It is desirable, as far as possible, 
and consistent for your success and safety, not to have political alli- 
ances with the insurgents or any faction in the islands that would incur 
liability to maintain their cause in the future. 

Long. 



Washington, May 27, 1898. 
Dewey, HongJcong: 

It is the intention of the Department to send Monterey to the Asiatic 
Station. May be expected at Manila at the end of July. 

Long. 



Hongkong, May 27, 1898. (Cavite, May 29.) 
Secretary of Xavy, Washington: 

No change in the situation of the blockade. Is effective. It is im- 
possible for the people in Manila to buy provisions, except rice. The 
French men-of-war must go to Saigon for provisions. It is important 
that I should know as early as possible whereabouts and strength of 
the possible Spanish expedition to the Philippines, and, if possible, that 
the squadron should be reinforced with a battle shij) or armored cruiser. 
The captain of the Olynqna {Gvidlej) condemned by medical survey; is 
ordered home; leave by Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company's 
steamer from Hongkong on May 28. Commander Lamberton has been 
appointed to the command of the Olympia. Steamei- has just arrived 
from Amoy with 3,000 Mauser rifles and great amount ammuuition for 
Aguinaldo, whose force is increasing constantly. * * * Bark 
ISaranac is sailing under the British flag; is loading with sugar at 
Iloilo for New York. 

Dewey. 



Washington, May 29, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), HongJwng: 

The orders of Commander Lamberton to the Olympia approved. 
There is no Spanish force en route to Philippine Islands. You will be 
notified of tlie departure of such. Twenty-five hundred men, United 
States troops, left May 2a from San Francisco, Cal., for Manila. 

Long. 



42 

Washington, 3Iay 30, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglcong: 

It is the intention of the Department to send MonadnocJc to Asiatic 
Station. 

Long. 



Hongkong, 3Iay 30, 1S9S. 
Seceetary of Navy, Washington: 

Aguinaklo, revolutionary leader, visited the Olympla yesterday. He 
expects to make general attack on May 31. Doubt ability to succeed. 
Situation remains unchanged. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, June 6, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, WasMngton: 

The following telegram has been received, addressed United States 
consul, Hongkong: 

Direct C'aptain Hodgson, McCulloch, tarn over command Foley; return home. 

Cridler. 

I request to be informed is this official? 

Dewey. 



Washington, June 6, 1898. 
De^^y (care American consul), Honglcong: 

Cold storage steamer from Australia is due about June 20 at Manila, 
with fresh inovisions for the squadron. Orders Hodgson official. 

Allen, Acting Secretary. 



Hongkong, June 6, 1898. (Cavite, June 3.) 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

Eeceipt of telegram of May 20 is acknowledged, and I thank the 
Department for the expression of confidence. Have acted according 
to the spirit of Department's instructions therein from the beginning, 
and T have entered into no alliance with the insurgents or with any 
faction. This squadron cau reduce the defenses of Manila at any 
moment, but it is considered useless until the arrival of sufficient 
United States forces to retain possession. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, June 6, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

There are no guns of recent design available to mount upon shore, 
being without breech mechanism, mounts, or ammunition. There is no 
telegraphic communication Bolinao to Hongkong. Have just received 
4,o00 tons of coal; 1 have sufficient coal for two months. Insurg(Mits 
have been engaged actively within the province of Cavite during last 



43 

week; they have won several small victories, taking prisoners about 
1,<S()0 men, 50 oflQcers; Spanish troops, not native. I am prepariiiii' 
arsenal aud Cavite for the occupation United States troops, and will 
have vessel off Cape Eugano to meet United States transports. 

Dewey. 



Washington, June 10, 1898. 
Admiral Dewey, HongTiong: 

Cabled May 19 to allow neutral vessels lying in any blockaded Phil- 
ippine port thirty days from blockade, and more if necessary, to depart 
with innocent neutral cargo, aud mentioned iive British ships, A^icaicos, 
2Iarion Woodside, Austria, Oweenee, Delcairnie, Department requests 
instruction, because informed you did not receive original. 

Allen, Acting Secretary, 



Washington, June 14, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong: 

Eeport fully any conferences, relations, or cooperations, military or 
otherwise, which you have had with Aguinaldo, and keep informed the 
Department in that respect. 

Long. 



Hongkong, June 27, 1898. 
Secretary of ISTavy, Washington: 

Keceipt of telegram of June 14 is acknowledged. Aguinaldo, insur- 
gent leader, with thirteen of his staff", arrived May 19, by permission, 
on XansJian. Established self Cavite, outside arsenal, uuder the pro- 
tection of our guns, and organized his army. I have had several con- 
ferences with him, generally of a personal nature. Consistently I have 
refrained from assisting him in any way with the force under my com- 
mand, and on several occasions I have declined requests that I should 
do so, telling him the squadron could not act until the arrival of the 
United States troops. At the same time I have given him to understand 
that I consider insurgents as friends, being opposed to a common enemy.^ 
He has gone to attend a meeting of insurgent leaders for the purpose of 
forming a civil government. Aguinaldo has acted independently of the 
squadron, but has kept me advised of his progress, which has been 
wonderful. I have allowed to pass by water recruits, arms, and ammu- 
nition, and to take such Spanish arms and ammunition from the arsenal 
as he needed. Have advised frequently to conduct the war humanely, 
which he has done invariably. My relations with him are cordial, but 
1 am not in his confidence. The United States has not been bound in 
any way to assist insurgents by any act or promises, aud he is not. to 
my knowledge, committed to assist us. I believe he expects to capture 
^lauila without my assistance, but doubt ability, they not yet having 
many guns. In my opinion, these people are tiir su])erior in their intel- 
ligence and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba, 
and I am familiar with both races. 

Dewey. 



44 
130060. 

[Proclamations isaued bj' General Aguinaldo.] 

Ko. 307 D.] cr. S. iS^AVAL Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olympia, Cavite, Philippine Islands, June 13, 1898. 
Sir: I have the honor to forward, for the information of the Depart- 
ment, copies, with translations, of three proclamations issued by Gen- 
eral Aguinaldo, the insurgent leader in the Philippines. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

George Dewey, 
Bear-Admiral, U. S. JV., 
Commanding U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic iStaiion. 
The Secretary of the Navy, 

Washington, 1). G. 
(Bureau of Navigation.) 



[Tnuislation.] 

Filipinos : 

The great North Amoricnn Nation, the cradle of genuine liberty, and therefore the 
friend of our people, opincssed and enslaved by the tyranny and despotism of its 
rulers, has come to us manifesting a protection as decisive as it is undoubtedly dis- 
interested toward our inhabitants, considering us as sufficently civilized and capable 
of governing for ourselves our uufortuuate country. In order to maintain this high 
estimate granted us by the generous North American Nation we should abominate 
all those deeds which tend to lower this opinion, which are pillage, theft, and all 
sorts of crimes relating to persons or property, with the purpose of avoiding inter- 
national conflicts during the period of our campaign. 

1 decree as follows: 

Article I. The lives and property of all foreigners, Chinese being included in this 
denomination, shall be respected, as well as that of all Spaniards who neither 
directly or indirectly contributed to carry on war against us. 

ARTICLE II. Enemies who lay down their arms must also be respected iu like 
manner. 

Article III. All hospitals and ambulances must likewise be respected, as well as 
all persons and goods found therein, including the staff on duty, unless they manifest 
hostility. 

Article IV. Those who disobey what is prescriVied in these preceding articles 
shall be tried by summary process and put to death if the said disobedience has 
resulted in murder, robbery, or rape. 

Given in Cavite, the 24th of May, 1898. 

Emilio Aguinaldo. 



[Translation.] 

My BELOVEr- Fellow-Countrtmen : 

I accepted the treaty pr()i)osed by Don Pedro H. Paterno, agreeing with the Cap- 
tain-Gener.il of these islands under certain conditions, and laying down arms and 
dismissing the forces under my immediate control, because I believed it better for 
the country than to carry on tin- insurrection for which resources were lacking, but 
since the failure to fultill any of the said conditions, certain bands were dissatisfied 
and remained under arms, and since a period of live months has elapsed without 
any stej) toward the reforms which M-e demand to advance our country to the rank 
of a civilized nation, like our neighbor, Japan, which in little more than twenty 
years has advanced to a satisfactory position, and demonstrated her power and 
vigor in the late war with China, while the Spanish Government remains powerless 
to contend with certain obstacles which constantly arrest the progress of our country 
with a deadly influence which has been a principal factor in causing the uprising of 
the people. Now that the great and powerful North American Nation have come 
to offer disinterested protection for the effort to secure the liberation of this coun- 
try, I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty 
aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under 



45 

my sole responsibility, assisted by the advice of eminent persons until these ishiiids 
are completely conquered and able to form a constitutional convention and to elect 
a president and a cabinet in wliose favor I will duly resign the authority. 
Given in Cavite the 2J:th of May, 1898. 

EmILIO ^^ GtJIXALIX). 



[Translation.] 
Filipinos : 

This dictatorial government proposes to begin within a few days our military 
operations, and being inforiued that the Spaniard intends to send us a Parliamen- 
tary commission in order to open negotiations for restoring Spanish authority, and 
being resolved to admit no negotiations of that sort in view of the collapse of a 
former treaty by default of the same Spanish Government, and noting, moreover, 
the presence in this phice of certain persons coming in the capacity of spies for tho 
said Spanish Government, as general in chief of this region I decree as follows: 

Article I. Civilians or soldiers who enter this territory with authority to nego- 
tiate, but without presenting themselves under a flag of truce as provided for such 
cases by international law, and also those lacking credentials and documents for 
their due recognition of character and personality, shall be considered guilty of 
serving as spies and put to death. 

Articlk II. Any Filipino who undertakes the aforesaid service shall be considered 
as a traitor to his country, and there shall be imposed upon him the penalty of hang- 
ing by the neck in a public place for the period of two hours with a labef attached 
bearing the statement that he is a traitor to his country. 

Article III. Any soldier or civilian found within our territories seeking to pass 
over to the enemy bearing secrets of war or plans of fortilications shall also be reck- 
oned as a traitor and put to death. 

Given in Cavite the 24th of May, 1898. 

Emilio Aguinaldo. 



130043. 

[Efficiency of Captain Hodgsdon. U. S. E. C] 

No. 306 D.] U. S. jSTaval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olynqna, Cavite, Philippine Islands, June 12, 1898. 
Sir: I take pleasure in bringing to tlie attention of the Department 
the zeal and efficiency of Capt. ])aniel B. Hodgsdon, E. C. S., com- 
manding the McCulloch, while serving in the squadron under my 
command. 

The MeCulloch steamed from Hongkong to Manila Bay in the squad- 
ron formation, and ran the batteries at the entrance with the squadron, 
and while not placed in the line of battle at the battle of Manila Bay, 
was kept near by and in readiness to assist any vessel that might be 
disabled. 

Since joining my command, and up to the time of his detachment, 
Captain Hodgsdon has kept the MeCulloch in a high state of efficiency, 
and ready to move at a moment's notice, and has made her a valuable 
auxiliary to the squadron. 

I request that the Department will communicate this report to the 
honorable Secretary of the Treasury. 

I have the honor to be, very resijectfully, 

George Dewey, 
Rear- Admiral, U. S. N'., 
Commanding TJ. 8. Kaval Force on Asiatic ^Station. 
The Secretary of the Navy, 

Washington, D. C. 



46 

Hongkong, June 17, 1898. (Cavite, Juue 12.) 
Secretary of Navy, Wa.shhu/ton: 

There is little cbaiige iu the situation since my telegram of June 3. 
Insurgents continue hostilities and have practically surrounded Manila. 
They have taken 1^,500 Spanish prisoners, whom they treat most 
humanely. They do not intend to attack city proper until the arrival 
of United States troops thither; I have advised. Twelve merchant 
vessels are anchored in the bay with refugees on board under guard of 
neutral men-of-war; this with my permission. Health of the squadron 
continues excellent. The German commander in chief arrived to-day. 
Three German, two British, one French, one Japanese men-of-war now 
in port; another German man-of-war is expected. I request the 
departure of the Monad node and the Monterey be exx)edited. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, June 17, 1898. CCavite, June 13.) 
Secretary of N'avy, Washington: 

I request the Department will send six months' supplies in all depart- 
ments, including medical, for the squadron, including McGnlloch, Zafiro, 
Kaiiskan, Manila, complement about 50 men, and Callao, complement 
about 25 men. It is practically impossible to obtain further supi)lies 
within the limits of the station during the war. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, June 17, 1898. (Cavite, June 12.) 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

I request the Department send 350 men and 20 marines to fill vacan- 
cies existing to replace men whose terms of enlistment have expired or 
will expire before October 1. 

Dewey. 



Cavite, June 17, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

No change since my telegram of June 12. Have sent the Baltimore, 
Cape Engano, Luzon Island, to meet American transports. The health 
of the squadron continues excellent. Another French man-of war has 
arrived. 

Dewey. 



Cavtte, June 17, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

Commanding officers have no recommendation to make under Eevised 
Statutes, sections 1407 and 491. All officers and men did their whole 
duty nobly, but the nature of the action did not admit of any individual 
display of personal heroism. 

Dewey. 



47 

Washington, June 18, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul) Honglcong: 

The Spanish fleet, t\YO armored crnisers, six converted cruisers, four 
destroyers, reported ofl:" Ceuta, sailing to the east, by the United States 
consul at Gibraltar. If they pass Suez, Egypt, will cable you. The 
Monterey and the collier sailed [for] Manila from San Diego on June 11. 
The Monadnoclx and the collier will follow June 20, if possible. Could not 
you have a vessel at Hongkong to receive notice concerning Spanish 
fleet passing Suez? Second division of the army expedition, about 
3,500 men, in four steamers, sailed from San Francisco [at] noon on June 
15. The army estimates they will make average speed 10 knots per hour, 
and touch two days at Honolulu. Sustained sea speed seems doubtful. 

Long-. 



Washington, June 31, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglong: 

Message June 12 is received. Impossible to furnish petty ofQcers or 
experienced men. Are authorized to retain those on board by United 
States Revised Statutes, sections 1422 and 1572. Will this maintain 
efliciency ? 

Long. 



Washington, June 32, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), SongJcong: 

Our special agents report Caraara's fleet at Cartagena, Spain. It is 
thought reliable information. His future destination not ascertained 
yet. 

Long. 



Washington, June 33, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglcong: 

Permit the Chinese subjects in Manila to leave if they desire. Grant 
permission to charter vessels if necessary. 

Long. 



Washington, Jmie 34, 1898, 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglcong: 

The Department did not send convoy with four transports [which] 
sailed June 15 from San Francisco. Have been informed the army 
touch at Honolulu. Guam was not mentioned in their orders. Average 
speed 10 knots per hour. If it is considered best, send vessel for them 
Cape Engano. 

Long. 



Washington, June 34, 1898. 

Dewey (care American consul), Honglcong: 

Send PeUn to San Francisco for supplies as soon as she can be 

spared. 

Long. 



48 

Washington, June 25, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong: 

Second army division, Gen. F. V. Greene commanding-, left San 
Francisco to touch at Honolulu and Guam. Estimated to arrive Guam 
July 10 and expects meet convoying vessel from you at Guam. If 
practicable, send one. If you can not do, tlien cliarter vessel and send 
naval officer Guam. Inform commanding ofiticer expedition to come to 
Eugando or Manila without convoy. The War Department stated 
Greene would not touch Guam, but now announces he will touch there. 

Long. 



Washington, June 25, 1S98. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglcong: 

The Spanish fleet from Cadiz passed Cape Bon, going to the east, 
June 22, 3 p. m. Expected to go to Manila. Comprise Pelai/o, Emperor 
Carlos V, three torpedo-boat destroyers, three auxiliary armed steam- 
ers, and seven transports. In all, 15 sail. 

Long. 



Washington, June 27, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong: 

The Monadnock sailed June 25 from San Francisco, accompanied by 
collier Nero. Was ordered to proceed at utmost speed safely possible, 
and stops as short as possible, and to make best of way to a point 600 
nautical miles east true from Cape Engano, and thence to run to the 
west true until up to Cape Engano. If then she has not received from 
you a message to the contrary, she will i^roceed at once to Manila. This 
enables you to meet the Monadnock or to send a message to her within 
600 nautical miles of Cape Engano, if you desire to do so. Further- 
more, General Merritt's third division of transports will leave about 
June 27 from San Francisco with about 4,000 men and not convoyed, 
but he has been advised to make and to sail the 600 knots east and 
west line as described for the Monadnock. 

Long. 



Washington, June 27, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong: 

Camara's fleet arrived ofl' Port Said June 26, and is reported by our 
agent there as follows: Telayo, Carlos V, Audaz, Osada, Proserpina, 
Fatriota, 12 guns, and three unarmed transports. Colon, Covadonga, and 
San Francisco. They will coal immediately — to be supplied by Cory 
Brothers, whose agents are Savon Bazui. The bottom of sbips appar- 
ently foul. A telegram from Lieutenant Sims at Paris, June 25, says that 
special agent now at Cartagena reports one transport carries munitions 
of war. Aires and Panay each one regiment of infantry, and San Francisco 
one battalion marine infantry. Auxiliary fleet has 20,000 tons of coal. 
All cruisers unarmed except Bajndo, Fatriota, and Aires. * * * 

Rapido and Fatriota were formerly Normannia and Columlna, and 
reported each^to carry four 6.2-inch, four 4.8 incli, two 3^-inch, and four 
revolving cannon. Other reports say more, but that is doubtful. We 
have not the particulars of Aires'' s battery. * * * 

Long. 



49 

HoNGKON(;, (Received June 27, IS'JS.) 
Secretary of Navy, Wdnhington: 

No cluiiige in the situation since my telegram of June 17. Five (Jer- 
man, 3 British, 1 French, 1 Japanese men of- war in port. Insurgents 
constantly closing in on city. The United States transports and the 
Charleston have not yet arrived. The JUiitlinore is at Cape luigano 
awaiting them. Have received information Cadiz sijuadron passed 
Gibraltar Friday morning, June 17, bound eastward. Shall the Moiiad- 
noeli and the Mnntcrri/ arrive in time? In my Judgment, if the coast of 
Spain was threatened, the sijuadron of the enemy would have to return. 
Onehnndred and twenty-one ofticers. United States Xavy, paynuister's 
clerks, and 1,709 men were engaged battle of Manila Baj^ 

Dewey. 



Washington, June 38, 1S9S. 
Dewey (care American consul), HomiTcong : 

If the service so requires, you are authorized to purchase or to 
charter one or two steamers suitable for dispatch vessels. This might 
be important to you in case Camara goes to the Phi]ip[)ines. 

Long. 



Washington, 'June 29, 1808. 
Dewey (care American consul), Ronglong : 

The different reenforceineuts sent to you are as follows: First army 
detachment and the Charleston sailed May 21 from San Francisco via 
Honolulu and Guam. Estimated sea speed, 10 knots. The Monterey 
sailed June 11 from San Diego, Cal., via Honolulu and Guam, probably 
estimated sea speed, 10 knots per hour. The Monadnock sailed June 25 
from San Francisco for Honolulu, and then direct. Estimated sea 
speed, 6 knots per hour; perhaps more. Third army detachment sailed 
June 27 from San Francisco ; was recommended to go direct. Squadron 
under Watson, the loiva and Oregon, the Yanl-ee and the Dixie, the 
Netvarl- and the Yosemite, and four colliers preparing with all possible 
dispatch to start for Spanish coast. The Spaniards know this. 

Long. 



Washington, July 1, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), HongJcong: 

It would be well to ascertain the possibility of landing the United 
States troops in Binangonam anchorage, east side of Luzon, or at some 
other point on Luzon, and thence marching to Manila by sea, as it 
might become necessary to hold Luzon with troops pending your con- 
centration with the monitors. 

Long. 



Hongkong, July l, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

iieferring to your telegram of June 21, the crew now on board is 
more eftieient than new men would be. I consider, however, that in 
justice to them, and to prevent discontent, if not dissatisfaction in the 
squadron, men whose terms of enlistment have expired should be 
relieved from duty in this hot and nnhealthful climate as soon as 
possible. 

Dewey. 
13T1 4 



50 

Hongkong, July 1, 1S98. (Cavite, June 26.) 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

I sliall have vessel at Hongkong on or about July 1. The Chnrlesion 
and transijoits have not yet arrived. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, Julij 1, 1S98. 
SECRE'i'ARY OF Navv, Washinf/ton: 

The British bark AMsiria has gone to Hongkong without cargo. In 
my opinion allowing to return to load might give cause for complaint 
to other neutral nations whose ships have been warned off". 

Dewey. 



Washington, July 5, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglcong: 

Caiiiara re])orted to have passed Suez Oanal July 5, July 6, after 
having partly coaled in Mediterranean Sea. Intends to coal again in 
Ked Sea and thence direct to Philippine Islands. Supposed will coal 
from his own colliers. His ships are as stated in Department's tele- 
gram of June 27, except that Spanish destroyers AuO.az^ Osado, and 
Froserplna have returned to Si)ain, which would indicate that he 
expects to make speed. 

Long. 



Hongkong, July 7, 1898. (Cavite, July 4.) 
Seoretauy" op Navy, Was/iington: 

The receipt of telegram is acknowledged. The United States troops 
have landed and have been comfortably housed at Cavite, Luzon 
Island. Insurgents are still active. The Chinese subjects have been 
permitted to leave freely. Cold-storage steamer has not yet arrived. 
Aguinaldo i^roclaimed himself president of the revolutionary rei)ublic 
on July 1. 

Dewey. 



Washington, July 8, 1898. 
Dew^ey (care American consul), Hongkong: 

The Monterey and Brutus reported anchored outside bar ofl' Honolulu 
June 29, making slight repairs of the machinery of the Brutus, and they 
hoped to sail on same night for Manila, via such intermediate places 
as might be necessary. ThG Monterey has not orders to run down the 
600-mile line drawn east true from Cape Engano. They have made 7 
knots i)er hour from San Diego to Honolulu. 

Long. 



1 



Hongkong, July 13, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

Aguinaldo informed me his troops had taken all of Subic Bay except 
Isla(rrande, which they were prevented from taking by the German 
man-of-war Irene. On July 7 sent the Ix'aieigh and the Concord there; 
they took the island and about 1,300 men, with arms and ammunition; 



51 

no resistance. The Irene retired from the bay on their arrival. I shall 
send the Bo.sfon Cape Enyano about -Inly' 10 to meet second army 
detachment, it is not practicable to send Guam. No chartered vessel 
available. 

Dewey. 



Cavite, July 14, 1S9S. (Received Washin.ntoii July 18.) 
Secretary of N^avy, M'ashington: 

No change in situation. I will send United States dispatch vessel 
to Hono-kong- within the next few days. British ship Ellen A. Read 
arrived yesterday from Cape of Good Hope; 2,G00 tous of coal for us. 

Dewey. 



Bacoor, July 15, 1898. 
His Excellency the Admiral of the Squadron of the United States in the 
Islands. 

Sir : The revolution having taken possession of the various provinces 
of the archipelago, this government has found it necessary to adopt the 
form and organization best suited to the popular will. I have, there- 
fore, the pleasure and honor of placing in your hand the inclosed decrees, 
which contain the organization referred to, begging that you will com- 
municate to your Government that the desires of tliis government 
are to remain always in friendship with the great North American 
nation, to which we are under many obligations. 

I beg, also, that your excellency will have the kindness to forward 
the inclosed package to H. B. M. consul, with a request from me that 
Le will forward them to their respective destinations. 

For which favor the Filijuno people and your humble servant will be 
most deeply grateful to your excellency. 
Very respectfully, etc., 

Emilio Aguinaldo. 

Indorsement to the above. 

[First indorsement.] 

U. S. Flagship Olympia, 

Cavite, July 17, 1898. 
Eespectfully forwarded for the information of the Department. 

CrEORGE Dewey, 
Bear-Admiral, U. S. N., 
Commanding JJ. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station. 



DECREES. 

[Translation.] 

To the People of ihr ridlipjnnes : 

Acts of Providence have placeil me in a position for which I can not lint recognize 
my natural inefficiency, bnt as I have no right to violate the laws of Providence, 
nor to decline the duties which honor and patriotism impose upon me, I greet you, 
my beloved people, from that position. 

In the face of the whole world I have proclaimed that the aspiration of my whole 
life, the final object of all my wishes and efforts, is your independence, because I 
have the inner conviction that it is also your constant longing, since independence 
for us means the redemption from slavery and tyranny, the recovery of lost liberty, 
and the admission to the concert of civilized nations. 



52 

I understand, moreover, that the first duty of any f>overnuientis to interpret faith- 
fully the aspirations of the people; with this in view, although the abnormal cir- 
tumstances of the war have compelled me to constitute this dictatorial government 
wbich assumes full civil and military power, luy constant desire is to surround 
myself with the most prominent peoph- from each province who hy their conduct 
deserve its confidence, so that, learning from them the true needs of each, I may be 
enabled to adopt the most efficacious m<'ans for tilling such needs and curing defi- 
ciencies in accordance with the wishes of all. 

I understand, moreover, the urgent necessity of establishing in each town a solid 
and substantial organization, a stronger bulwark of public security and the only 
means for insuring the union and discipline which are indis]ieusable for the estab- 
lishment of a repuldic— that is, the government of the people by the people — and for 
settling international conflicts which may arise. 

In virtue of the above considerations I decree as follows: 

Article 1. The inhabitants of each town where forces of the Spanish Government 
are still in existence shall agree as to the most feasible means for defeating and anni- 
hilating them with the means and resources at their disposal, acciirding to the pris- 
oners of war such treatment as is in eouformity with the sentiments of humanity 
and the custom observed by civilized nations. 

Art. 2. As soon as a town shall be free from Spanish dominion, the citizens thereof 
who are most prominent owing to their social position and honorable conduct, in the 
center as well as in the wards, shall assemble in a junta magna and shall then pro- 
ceed to the election, by a majority of votes, of the chief of the; town and of a "head" 
for each srard, as wards shall be considered not only those hitherto known as such, 
but also the center of the town. 

Any inhabitant having the qualifications above set forth shall be entitled to attend 
such junta and to be elected, provided always that he is a friend of the Philippine 
independence, and that he is at least 21 years of age. 

AuT. 3. In said junta shall be elected, also by a majority of votes, three delegates, 
one of police and internal order, one of justice and civil records, and one of revenues 
and property. 

The delegate of police and internal order shall assist the chief in the organization 
of the armed force which each town must maintain for its own security, in propor- 
tion to the resources at its command, for the preservation of order, and the health of 
the people. 

The delegate of justice and civil records shall assist the chief in the organization 
of tribunals, of books for the recording of births, deaths, and marriages, and of the 
census. 

The delegate of revenues and property shall assist the chief in the collection of 
taxes, the administration of public funds, the prepariug of books for the registration 
of real estate and cattle, and in all work relating to the development of all classes 
of indiistry. 

Art. 4. The presiding chief, together with said heads of wards and delegates, 
shall constitute the people's junta, which shall watch over the strict execution of 
the orders in force and the particular interests of each town. 

The head of the center of the town shall be vice-president of the junta, and the 
delegate of justice shall be secretary of the same. 

The hends of wards shall be delegates of the chief in their respective wards. 

Art. 5. The chiefs of each town, after consulting the opinion of their respective 
juntas, shall assemble and elect, by a majority of votes, the chief of the province 
and three councilors for the three departments referred to. 

The chief of the province as president, the chief of the capital of the province as 
vice-president, and said councilors shall constitute the provincial council, which 
shall watch over the enforcements of the orders of this government in the territory 
of the province and over the general interests of the same, and shall suggest to this 
government measures to be adopted for the public good. 

Art. 6. Said chiefs shall elect, also by a majority of votes, three representatives 
for each one of the provinces of Manila and Cavite, two for each of tlie provinces 
classified " de t('rmino"in the Spanish legislation, and one for each of the other 
provinces and "political-military commands" of the Philippine Archipelago. 

Said representatives shall watch over the general interests of the archipelago and 
the particular interests of the respective provinces and shall constitute the revolu- 
tionary congress, which shall suggest to this government measures pertaining to the 
preservation of internal order and the external security of the islands, and shall be 
heard by said government on all serious and important questions, the decision of 
which admits of delay. 

Art. 7. Persons elected for any office whatsoever in the form prescribed by the 
foregoing articles can not take charge thereof without previous confirmation by this 
government, which shall grant such confirmation upon consideration of the records 
of election. 

The representatives shall prove their identity by the exhibition of such records. 



53 

Anx. 8. The military chiefs appointed by this government in each province shall 
not take part in the government or the administration of the same. Iiiit are limited 
to asking the chiefs of provinces and towns for such assistance in the way of funds 
and forces as may be required, and such chiefs shall not refuse the same in case of 
real need. 

Nevertheless, when a province should be menaced or occujiied, in whole or in part, 
by the enemy, the highest military chief of the same may assume the powers of Ihe 
chief of province until the danger disappears. 

Art. 9. The governineut shall appoint for each province a commissioner, whose 
special duty it shall be to establish therein the organization provided for in this 
decree, conformable to the instructions hereafter to be issued by said government. 
Military chiefs who free the towns from Spanish dominion shall be connnissiouers 
by virtue of such fact. 

Such commissioners shall preside over the first juntas to be held in each town as 
well as in each province. 

Art. 10. As soon as the organization provided for in this decree shall have been 
established, all former a])pointments to any civil office, whatever its origin and by 
whomsoever made, shall be without etiect, and all orders conflicting with this decree 
shall be abrogated. 

Done at Cavite, June 18, 1898. 

Emilio Aguinaldo. 

Then follow instructions concerning the government of provinces and towns, 
dated June 20, 1898, signed by Emilio Aguinaldo, giving special regulations for — 

1. The holding of sessions of the diflerent Juntas and councils. 

2. The organization of police forces, and the character and duties of the same. 

3. The organization of tribunals, civil records, and the census. 

4. Taxes and registration of property. 



[Translation.] 
MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION. 

If it is true — and it is true — that a political revolution, well conceived, is the vio- 
lent means which a people employs in order to recover the sovereignty which nat- 
urally belongs to it and which has been usurped and trampled upon by a tyrannical 
and arbitrary government, then the Philippine revolution could not have been more 
just, for the people have had recourse to it after exhausting all peaceful means 
counseled by reason and experience. 

The former Kings of Castile bound themselves to regard the Philippines as a sister 
nation, associated with Spain in perfect unison of views and interests, and by the 
constitution of 1812, promulgated at Cadiz on the occasion of the war of Spanish 
independence, these islands were represented in the Spanish Cortes; but the inter- 
ests of the monastic corporations, which have always met with unconditional sup- 
port from the Spanish Government, have taken from them this sacred duty and the 
Philippines have been excluded from the Spanish constitution and the people left 
to the mercy of the discretionary and arbitrary powers of the general government. 

Under such circumstances the people clamored for justice, and asked of the 
mother country the recognition and restitution of their secular rights by means of 
reforms which would gradually assimilate them with Spain. But their voices were 
promptly drowned and the reward of their abnegation was exile, martyrdom, and 
death. The religious corporations, with whose interests — always opposed to those 
of the Philippine people — the Spanish Government has identified itself, jeered at 
these claims and answered, with the knowledge and consent of that same Govern- 
ment, that tlie liberty of Spain had cost blood. 

What other recourse was there left to the people to recover their lost rights? 
They had no other means but force, and, convinced of this, they have had recourse to 
the revolution. 

xiud now they no longer limit their claims to the assimilation with the political 
constitution of Spain, but ask for definite separation from her; they are fighting 
for their independence, firmly convinced that the time has come when they can and 
must trovern themselves. 

So they have constituted a revolutionarv g-ivernmeut, based upon wise and just 
laws, adapted to the abnormal conditions through which they are passing, and at 
the same time prepa'ing them to become a true republic. Taking reason as the only 
guide for their actions, justice as the only end, and honorable «ork as the only 
means, they call upon all their Philippine sons, without distinction of class, to unite 
firmly together for the purjiose of forming a society of nobility, not nobility of birth 



r)4 

or poniTious titles, but of work and personal merit of each one — a free society where 
there shall be no egotism and ])ersonal politics that crush and anniliilate, no envy 
and favoritism that debase, no bragging and charlatanry that niai-e ridiculous. 

And it could not be otherwise; a people which has given i)r;>ofs of valor and long 
sutlering in time of trouble aiul danger, and of industry and diligence in time of 
peace, is not inteiuled lor slavery; such a people is called to be great, to be one of 
the strongest arms of l^rovidence to direct the destinies of hunuuiity ; sucli a jicople 
has sufficient resources and energy to free itself from the ruin and annihilation into 
Avhich tije Spanish Government has plunged it, and to claim a modest but honorable 
seat in the concert of free nations. 

Given at Cavite, June 23, 1896. 

Emilio .Aguixaldo. 



[Translatiou.] 
EMILIO AGUINALPO Y FAMY, 

President of tlie rerohitioiiary government of the Philippines and general in chief of its army. 

This government being desirous of demonstrating to the people of the Philippines 
that one of its objects is to oppose, with a tirm hand, the inveterate vices of the 
Spanish administration, by substituting for a government of personal luxury and 
ostentatious pomp, rendering its movements lazy, heavy, and torpid, one that shall 
be modest and simple and prompt in the execution of public services, I decree as 
folb'ws: 

CiiAi'TKR I. — The revolutionary government. 

Article 1. The dictatorial government shall hereafter be known as the revolu- 
tionary government, whose aim it shall be to fight for the independence of the Philip- 
pines until it shall be expressly recognized by the free nations, including Spain, and 
to prepare the country for its organization as a true republic. 

The dictator shall hereafter be known as the president of the revolutionary gov- 
ernment. 

Ai;t. 2. There shall be created four government secretaryships : One of foreign rela- 
tions, maiine and commerce; one of war and public works; one of p(dice and inter- 
na] order, justice, instruction, and hygiene; and one of the treasury, agriculture, 
and manufactures. 

The government may increase this number of secretaryships if it should be found, 
in practice that this distribution is not sufiBcient for the manifold and complicated 
needs of the puolic service. 

Art. 3. P2ach secretaryship shall assist the president in the discharge of business 
relating to the respective departments comprised in such secretaryship. 

At the head of each there shall be a secretary who shall not be responsible for the 
decrees of the president, but who shall sign such decrees with the president for the 
purpose of authentication. 

But if it shall appear that a decree has been issued at the suggestion of the secre- 
tary of a certain department, he shall be responsible for the same jointly with the 
president. 

Ai; r. 4. The secretaryship of foreign relations shall be divided into three centers, 
one of dii)lomacy, one of marine, and one of commerce. 

The first-named center shall consider and transact all business relating to the con- 
duct of diplomatic negotiations with other powers and the correspondence of this 
government witli them; the second shall have charge of all business relating to the 
formation and organization of our war navy, and the organizations of any expedi- 
tions which the needs of the revolution may require; and the third shall have charge 
of everything relating to home and foreign commerce and of all preliminary work 
necessary for making commercial treaties with other nations. 

Art. 5. The secretaryship of war shall be divided into two centers, one of war 
pro])er, and one of public works. 

The center of war shall be di\ided into four sections: of campaigns, of military 
justice, of military administration, and of military sanitation. 

The section of campaigns shall have charge of the appointment and enlistment of 
all who may serve in the revolutionary militia; of the conduct of campaigns, the 
making of plans and wor'-s of fortifications, and the issuing of announcements of 
battles; of the study of military tactics for the army, and the organization of the 
corps of the general stalf, artillery and cavalry; and, finally, of the transaction of 
any other business relating to the work of cami)aigns and military operations. 

The section of military justic*- shall have charge of everything relating to councils 
of war and courts-martiai : <(f the ai)pointmeut of auditors and assessors, and of all 
business pertaining to military law. 



55 

The section of military ndmiiiisl ration shall have charge of furnishing provisii ns 
and other things necessary for the use vt' the army. 

The section of military sauitiition shall have charge of everything relating to 
sanitary matters of the militia. 

Art. I). The other secretaryshii>8 shall be divided into as many centers as they 
comprise ditfercnt ilepartmeuts, and each center maybe subdivided into sections, in 
accordance with the nature and imiiortance of the work. 

Art. 7. The secretary shall inspect and superintend all the work of his ofljce and 
transact all business with the presiilent of the government. At the head of each 
center there shall be a director, and in each section theie shall be an otticial having 
charge of the necessary number of assistants and clerks. 

Art. 8. The president shall appoint the secretaries of his own free choice, and 
together with them he shall ap[)()iut the whole sul>altern personnel of each 
secretaryshij). 

But in the choice of such persons favoritism shall be avoided, for it must be well 
understood that the good name of the country and the triumph of the revolution 
reijuire the services <d' truly conipetent persons. 

Art. 9. The secretaries may take part in the revolutionary congress, provided they 
have some motion to make in the name of tiie president oi' are publicly summoned 
by any of the representatives; but when the question which is the objeet of the 
motion, or for which they have been summoned, is put to a vote they shall leave aiul 
can not take part therein. 

Art. 10. The president of the government shall be the personification of the Phil- 
ippine people, and, in this conception, he can not be held accountable while he holds 
that oftice. 

This will be until the revolution trinmphs, unless, through special circumstances 
he should be compelled to present his resignation to congress before that time, in 
which case the latter shall elect whom tliey may deem best titted for the otHee. 

Cn.APTER II. — Thcrerolntionary congress. 

Art. 11. The revolutionary congress is the assembly of representatives of the prov- 
inces of the Philippine Islands elected as provided fur in the decree of the l?<th of 
this month. 

^'eve^theless, if any province has not Ix en able to elect representatives, for the 
reason that the greater part of the population has not yet succeeded in freeing itself 
from the Spanish dominion, the Government may apjioint, as tein])orary represent- 
atives of the same, the most prominent men, to the number provided for in said 
decree, who shall be natives of the province in (|uestinn or have resided therein for 
a long time. 

Art. 12. When the representatives shall be assembled in the town where the rev- 
olutionary government resides, and in the building designated by it. they shall pro- 
ceed to the preliminary work of appointing, by a ]tlurality of votes, a committee 
composed of five men, who shall examine the credentials of each member, and 
another committee of three men, who shall examine the credentials submitted by 
the five of the former committee. 

Art. 13. The day following the said representatives shall again assemble, and the 
two committees sliall read their respective reports as to the legitimacy of such 
documents, and the character of any which may appear doubtful shall be deter- 
mined by an absolute majority of votes. 

They shall then jiroceed to the election, also by absolute majority, of a president, 
vice-president, and two secretaries, to be chosen from among said representatives. 
Congress shall then be considered constituted and shall notify the government of 
the result of the election. 

Art. 14. The place where the congress is being held shall he considered sacred 
and inviolable, and no armed force shall be allowed to penetrate into it, unless the 
president of said body shall ask for it in order to reestablish order, which may have 
been disturbed by some who do not understand their own honor nor that of their 
august ofSce. 

Art. 15. The powers of congress are: To watch over the general interests of the 
Philippine people and to enforce the revolutionary laws; to discuss and vote on 
such laws; to discuss and approve, prior to their ratification, all treaties and loans; 
to exaniine and approve the accounts of general expenses annually submitted to it 
by the secretary of the treasury, as also special taxes and any others which may be 
imposed in the future. 

Art. 16. Congress shall also be heard on all matters of a serious and important 
nature the decision of whi(di admits of delay: but the president of the government 
may solve those of an urgent nature, advising said body, by means of a message, ot 
the decision arrived at by him. 

Art. 17. Any representative may submit to congress drafts of laws, as may also 
any of the secretaries, by order of the president of the government. 



5(1 

Art. 18. The sessions of congress shall be public, and only in cases requiring 
secrecy shall secret sessions be held. 

Art" 19. For the order of deliberations and the internal government of the body 
such regulations shall be observed as said body may formulate. The presi<lent shall 
preside over the deliberations, and shall not vote; but in case of a tie he shall cast 
the decisive vote. 

Art. 20. The president of the government shall not have power, in any manner 
■whatsoever, to impede the assembling of congress, nor to prevent its sessions. 

Art. 21. Congress shall appoint a permanent committee of justice, over ■which 
the vice-president shall preside, assisted by one of the secretaries, such comauttee 
to be composed of said two persons and seven members elected from among the 
representatives by a plurality of votes. 

Said committee shall constitute a court of second instance in all criminal judg- 
ments rendered by the provincial councils; and shall have sole and original juris- 
diction in all suits brought against secretaries of the government, provincial and 
municipal chiefs, and ]irovincial councils. 

Art. 22. In the office of the secretaries of congress a book of honor shall be kept, 
upon which shall be entered great services rendered to the country and considered 
such by said body. Any Philippine citizen, military or civil, may ask congress for 
entry upon said book u])on submitting documents in proof of the acts claimed to 
have been done by him for the good of the country since the beginning of the pres- 
ent revolution. For special services which may be rendered hereafter the govern- 
ment shall propose such entry, accompanying such proposal (motion) with toe neces- 
sary proofs. 

Art. 22. Congress shall also, upon the motion of the government, grant rewards 
in money, to be made in one payment, to the families of those who have been 
victims of their duty and jiatriotism in performing heroic acts. 

Art. 21. The acts of congress shall not become obligatory until the president of 
the government has ordered their execution. If the president shall deem any act 
uutit, improper, or pernicious, he shall state to congress the reasons opposed to the 
execution of the same, and if congress insists on its act the president may oppose 
his veto under the strictest responsibility. 

Chapter III. — MiUtart/ profeculion. 

Articles 25 to 28, inclusive, set forth by whom military offenses shall be tried 
according to the grade of the offender. All cases may be appealed to the "superior 
council," composed of six members having at least the grade of "general of bri- 
gade" (or if at any time there is not a sufficient number of such officers in the 
Philippine army then congress may appoint representatives to complete the num- 
ber), tht' senior general to preside over such council, which shall also hav«' original 
and sole jurisdiction over all cases involving officers of the grade of commanders 
and above. 

Art. 29 sets forth what shall constitute military offenses. 

Art. 30. Any jierson committing any of the offenses enumerated shall be consid- 
ered an enemy of the revolution, and shall be punished in accordance with the pro- 
visions of the Spanish penal code. 

If the offense is not contained in said code the criminal shall be locked up until 
the revolution triumphs, unless such irreparable injury shall result from such offense 
as in the judgment of the tribunal may be a justifiable reason for imposing the penalty 
of death. 

Additional clauses. 

Art. 31. The government shall establish abroad a revolutionary committee, com- 
posed of an indefinite number of the most competent persons of the Philippine 
Islands. This committee shall be divided into three delegations — of diplomacy, of 
the navy, and of the army. 

The delegation of diplomacy shall strive for and negotiate with foreign cabinets 
the recognition of tlie belligerency and independence of the Philippines. 

The delegation of the navy shall have charge of studying and organizing the navy 
of the Philippine war, and prepare sucli expeditions as may be required by the needs 
of the revolution. 

The delegation of the army shall study military tactics and the best form for organ- 
izing the corps of the general staff, of artillery, and of engineers, and everything 
that may be required to endow the i'hilippine army with the conditions made nec- 
essary by modern impro\ements. 

Ari . o2. The government shall issue the necessary instructions for tlie proper exe- 
cution of this decree. 

Art. 33. All decrees of the dictatorial government conllicting with this decree are 
Lerebv abrogated. 

Given at Cavitc, June 23, 1898. 

Fmilio Aguixaldo. 



57 



iNSTnrcTiox! 



Under this heading are given certain regulations, signed by Emilio Agninaldo, 
under date of Jnne 27, 1898, for the establishment and organization of the national 
(central), provincial, and nninicipal offices of the government, making temporary 
pro\Msious for the transaction of pnblic business nntil the various departments of 
the administration shall have been fullv organized. 



HoNG-KONG, Juh/ 20, 7S98. (Cavite, July 17.) 
Secretary of IS'ayv, 1V«.s7( /«///(>» .- 

Situariou inichnnged. Second army cletacliment arrived to-day. All 
well ou board. The liealtb of the squadron eontiuues good. No sick- 
ness whatever. 1 have takeu the coal of the British ship Honolulu and 
I am retaining her until the port is opened. Have provisions for six 
months. The receipt nf telegram of July 7 is acknowledged; in view 
of the information tlierein shall retain PeMn and China as auxiliaries. 
I do not expect the Monterey before August 5, and t\\e- Monadnocl: ten 
days later. If necessary, vShall proceed with the squadron to meet the 
]\fonaduoc]{ to the east Cape Engano, Luzon. Shall return other trans- 
ports to the United States as soon as possible. 

Dewey. 



Washington, July 20, 1898. 
De^"EY (care American consul), HongT<ong: 

Has blockade of 3Ianila been so modified as to permit neutral ves- 
sels to enter the port ? Information is desired by Treasury Department. 

Long. 



Hongkong, July 22, 1898. 
Secretary of Nayy, WasMxyton: 
The following is for the Secretary of War: 

Aguinaldo de'dares dictator(ship) and martial law overall islands. The people 
expect independence. Eecouimend <_ hina ponies. 

Anderson, Commanding, 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, July 22, 1898. (Cavite, July 19.) 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

The receipt of letter of June 12 is acknowledged. I do not know to 
what collier it refers to. General Greene's brigade landed yesterday 
near Malate. ^ , 

Dewey. 



Washington, July 26, 1898. 
Dewey (care American consul), Honglong: 

Do you want another fresh provision ship or anything else from 
Australia? 

Long. 



58 

OoNGKONG, July 30, 189S. (Cavite, July 20.) 
SEdEETARY OF :N"AV\> Washington: 

Merritt arrived yesterday in the yeirporf. The remaiuder of the 
exi)e(lition is exi)ected within the next tew days. Situation is most 
critical at Manihi. The Spanisli may surrender at any moment. Mer- 
ritt's most difficult problem will be how to deal with iusuroents under 
A^ii'uinaldo, who has berome aggressive and even threatening: toward 
our Army. The M<>)i<i(hi<>cl,- was at Honolulu on July S; expected to 
leave four days later. * * * 

Dewey. 

Washington, Ai'gnst 1, 1898. 
Dewey, Ronglong: 

Reported here that monks and other i)risoners in the hands of the 
insurgents at Cavite are in danger of being unjustly put to death. This 
should not be i)ermitted, if you are in jjositiou to prevent it. 

Long. 



Hongkong, August l, 1898, (Cavite, July 29.) 
Secretary of ]SrAVY, Washington: 

Eeferring to your telegram 'hily 20, strict blockade continues. The 
neutral vessels are not allowed to enter. From information, which I 
consider reliable, Spanish Governor-General would surrender to United 
States forces at once, if it was not for insurgent complication. In any 
event, they must capitulate very soon. IMerritt and I are working 
together to this end. The remainder of Merritt's forces has not yet 
arrived. Fekin will leave to-morrow for San Francisco, Cal. 

Dewey. 



Hongkong, August 9, 1898. (Cavite, August 4.) 
Secretary op Navy, Washington: 

The receipt of telegram of July 20 acknowledged. Have jirovisions 
for three months, fresh; also plenty of coal. Do not need provisions 
from Australia. The Monterey and Brutus arrived to-day. 

Dewey. 



Washington, August 12, 1898. 
Dewey, Honglong: 

Peace protocol signed by President. Suspend all hostilities and 
blockade. 

Allen. 



Washington, August 12, 1898. 
Dewey, Honglong: 

The proto(.'ol, signed by the President to day, provides that the 
United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila 
pending the conclusion of a treaty of pea(;e, which shall determine the 
control, disposition, and government of the Philii^i)ines. This is most 
important. 

Allen, Acting. 



59 
135047. 

[Valuable services of British consul at :Manila.] 

No, 412 D.] U. S. :Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flapship Oh/ntpia, Cavite, FhiUppine Lslands, July 27, 189S. 
Sir: I have the honor to inform the Department that Mr. E. H. 
Kawson Walker, Her Britannic Majesty's coiisnl at Manila, has per- 
fornied the trying- duties of acting United States consul during the last 
three months in a most able ami painstaking manner, and has been of 
invaluable assistance to me, being my only means of communicating 
with the Spanish authorities, and the chief agent in the protection of 
foreign residents. 

I trust the United States Government will see fit to inform Her 
Britannic Majesty's foreign office of my deep appreciation of J\[r. Raw- 
son Walker's valuable services. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

George Dewey, 
Rear- Admiral, U. S. X, 
Commanding U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station. 
The Secretary of the Navy, 

Washington, D. G. 



Manila, Auqmt 13, 1898. 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington: 

Manila, Philippine Islands, surrendered to day to our land and naval 
forces after a combined attack. A division of the squadron shelled the 
forts and intrenchments at Malate, on the south side of the city, driving 
back enemy, our army advancing on that side at the same time. City 
surrendered about 5 p. in., the American fiag being hoisted by Lieu- 
tenant Brumby. About 7,000 prisoners of war were taken. The 
squadron has no casualties; no vessel injured. On August 7 General 
Merritt and I formally demanded surrender city, which the Si)anish 
governor-general refused. The Monadnoclc has not yet arrived. ' 

Dewey. 



Manila, Anqust 14, 1898. 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington: 

Idesire to recommend strongly for promotion Flag Lieutenant Brumby, 
who has been indefatigable in the discharge of his duty from the begin- 
ning. He has represented me frequently in important negotiations, and 
has contributed much to the success of' the Olympia. Also Lieutenant 
Tappan and Cadet White, who, commanding the American gun vessel 
Callao and launch 7>fl>Te/o, respectively, accompanied the army advanc- 
ing on Manila, protecting flank under tire at short range. Also Ensign 
Caldwell, who again volunteered to command division. Also Ensign 
Scott, who did excellent work as signal ofiHcer in both engagements. 
Wildes, commander of the Boston, desires to return iiome. Will relief 
be sentf 

Dewey. 



GO 
1^0. r)io-D.] 

Uniti:d States Naval Force on Astatic Station, 

Flcuiship Oh/mpia, Manila, P. I., September 16, 1898. 
Sir: In addition to the officers recoumiended for advancement in 
my telegrams of May 12 and August 14, I have the honor to recom- 
mend that the following-named executive officers and chief engineers 
of the squadron under my command at the destruction of the Spanish 
squadron and batteries at Cavite on May 1, 1898, be given siniilar 
advancement to those of the fleet which destroyed the Si)anish squadron 
at Santiago de Cuba: 
Lieut. Commander F. Singer, executive officer IT. S. S. Baleigh. 
Lieut. Commander J. B. Briggs, executive ofticer U. S. S. Baltimore. 
Lieut. Commander G. P. Colvocoresses, executive officer U. S. S. Con- 
cord. 

Lieut. Commander J. A. Norris, executive officer U. S. S. Boston. 
Lieut. E. M. ILighes, executive officer U. S. S. Petrel, 
Lieut. C. P. Rees, executive officer U. S. Flagship Olympia. 
Chief Engineer J. Entwistle, tleet engineer U. S. Flagship Olympia, 
Chief Engineer J. D. Ford, U. S. S. Baltimore. 
Chief Engineer R. Inch, U. S. S. Boston. 
Chief Engineer G. B. Ransom, U. S. S. Concord. 
Chief Engineer F. H. Bailev, CJ. S. S. Raleigh. 
Chief Engineer R. T. Hall, U. S. S. Petrel. ' 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

George Dewey, 
Rear Admiral, U. 8. -Z\r., 
Commanding U. 8. Naval Force on Asiatic Station. 

The Secretary of the iSTAVY, 

Navy Department, Washington, 1). G, 



141623. 

[CDrrospondeuce in connection witli demand for the surrender of the city of Manila.] 

Kg. 437-D.] TJ. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olympia, Manila, Philippine Islands, August 16, 1898. 

Sir; I have the honor to report that — 

On August 7, 1898, Major General Merritt and I sent to the Spanish 
Governor-General and Captain- General at Manila a joint notice that 
operations might begin against the city at any time after forty-eight 
hours. A copy is inclosed, marked A. 

On the same date a reply was received, a copy of translation of which 
is inclosed, marked B, the original being in the possession of General 
Merritt. 

On August 9 General Merritt and I sent a joint formal demand for 
the surrender of the city and Spanish forces. A copy is inclosed, 
marked C. 

On the same date a reply was received, declining to surrender, but 
re(juesting the time necessary to communicate with Madrid. A copy 
ot translation is inclosed, marked I), the original being in the posses- 
sion of General ]\Ierritt. 

On August 10 we replied, declining to grant the time requested. A 
co])y is inclosed, marked E. 

All of these communications were sent and received from Manila 



61 

through the kindness of Captain Chichester, of H. B. M. iS. Immortalite, 
and Mr. H. A. Ramsden, British and United States acting con.sr'. 

Ou August 13 the United States land and naval forces made a Joint 
attack on Manihi, resulting in the surrender of that city on the same 
date. This is made the subject of a separate report. 
I have the honor to be, very resijoctfully, 

George Dewey, 
Rear Admiral, U. S. N., 
Comniandimj U. S. Nacal Force ou Asiatic Station. 
The Secretary of the Xavy, 

Washington I). G. 



A. 

Headquarters United States Land and Naval Forces, 

Manila Bay, Philijjpine Islands, August 7, 1898. 
Sir: We have the honor to uotify your excellency that operations of the land and 
naval forces of the United States against the defenses of Manila may begin at any 
time after the expiration of forty-eight hours from the hour of receipt by you of 
this communication, or sooner if made necessary by an attack on your part." 

This notice is given in order to afford you an opportunity to remove all noncom- 
batants from the city. 

Very respectfully, Wesley Merritt, 

Major- General, U. S. A., 
Commandin;/ Land Forces of the United States. 
George Dewey, 

Ihar-Jdmiral, U. S. X., 
Commanding U. S. Xaval Force on Asiatic Station. 
The General in Chief, 

Commanding Sjyanish Forces in Manila. 



B. 

fTranslafion.] 

^Ianila, August 7, ISOS. 
Gentlemen: I have the honor to inform your excellencies that at half-past 12 
to-day I received the notice with which you favor me, that after forty-eight hours 
have elapsed you may begin operations against this fortified city, or at an earlier 
hour if the forces under your command are attacked by mine. 

As your notice is sent for the purpose of providing for the safety of noucombat- 
ants, I give thanks to your excellencies for the humane sentiments you have shown, 
and state that finding myself surrounded by insurrectionary forces, I am without 
places of refuge for the increased numbers of wounded, sick, women, and children 
who are now lodged within the walls. 

Very respectfully, and kissing the hands of your excellencies, 

FORMIRE JaUDENES,* 

Governor-General and Captain-General of the Philippines. 
The Major-General of the Army and 
The Rear-Admiral of the Navy, 

Commanditig, respectively, the Military and Xaial Forces of the United States. 



C. 



Headquarters United States Land and Naval Forces, 

Manila Bay, Philippine Islands, August 9, 1S9S. 
Sir: The inevitable suffering in store for the wounded, sick, women, and children, 
in the event that it becomes our duty to reduce the defenses of the walled town in 
which they are gathered, will, we feel assured, appeal successfully to the sympathies 

* The discrepancy in the spelling of the signatures to B and D exists in the copies 
in the hands of the Department. 



62 

of ;i j^eneral capable of making the dctermiiied aud prolonged resistance which your 
excellency has exhibited after the loss of your naval forces, and without hope of 
succor. 

We therefore submit, without prejudice to the high sentimants of honor and duty 
which your excellency entertains, that surrounded on every side as you are by a 
constantly increasing'lbrce, with a powerful iieet in your front, and deprived of all 
prospect of reinforcement and assistance, a most useless sacrifice of life would result 
in the event of an attack, and therefore every consideration of humanity makes it 
imperative that you should not subject your city to the horrors of a bombardment. 
Accordingly we demand the surrender of the city of Manila, aud the Spanish forces 
under your command. 

Very respectfully, Wesley Mekiutt, 

Major-General, U. S. A., 
Commanding Land Forces of the United States. 
George Dewky, 

Rear- Admiral, U. »S'. iS^., 
Commandinfi U. S. Xaral Force on Aaiatic Station. 
The Governor-General and Captain-Genekal of the Philippines. 



D. 

[Trajislation.l 

Gentlemen: Having received an intimation from your excellencies that, in obedi- 
ence to sentiments of humanity to which you appeal, and which I share, I should sur- 
render this city and the forces under my orders, I have assembled the council of 
defense, which declares that your re(iuest can not be granted, but taking account 
of the most exceptional circumstances existing in this city, which your excellencies 
recite and which I unfortunately have to admit, I would consult my Government if 
your excellencies will grant the time strictly necessary for this communication by 
way of Hongkong. 

A'ery respectfully, Fermin Jaudknks,* 

Governor-General and Captain- General of the Philippines. 
The Major-Gexeual of the Army and 
The Rear-Admiral of the Navy, 

Commanding, respectively, the Militari/ and Naval Forces of the United States. 



E. 



Headquarters United Siates Land and Naval Forces, 

Manila Bay, AiKjnst 10, 1S98. 
Sir: We have the honor to acknowledge the communication of your excellency of 
the 8th instant, in which you suggest your desire to consult your Government in 
regard to the exceptional circumstances in your city, provided the time to do so can 
be granted by us. 

In reply we respectfully inform your excellency that we decline to grant the time 
requested. 

Very respectfully, W^esley Merritt, 

Major-General, U. S. A., 
Commanding U. S. Land Forces, 
George Dewey, 

Rear-Admiral, U. S. N., 
Commanding U. S. JSfaval Force, Asiatic Station. 

The Governor-General and Captain-General of the Philippines. 



Washington, August 13, 1898. 
Dewey (care American Consul), Hongkong: 

The President desires to receive from yon any important information 
you may have of the Philippines; the desirability of the several islands; 
the character of their population; coal and other mineral deposits; their 

'The discrepancy in the spelling of the signatures to B and D exists in the copies 
in the hands of the Department. 



63 

harbor and coininercial advantages, and in a naval and commercial sense 
whicli would be the most advantageous. If yon have other informa- 
tion which may be of value to the Government in their negotiations, 
the President may desire your presence here. If he should request you 
to come, take the quickest route of travel. 

Allen. 



Manila, Anfpist 30, 1898. 
Secketary of the Kavy, WasJiinf/to7i: 

lieferring to the Department's telegram of August 13, important 
islands are: Colon, Luzon, Panay, Cebu, Negros, Leyte. Others, owing 
to the nature of the inhabitants, have a small amount of civilization, 
want of cultivation. They may be neglected, especially isles of southern 
group. Luzon is in all respects tlie most desirable to retain. Contains 
most important commercial ports. Manila is farthest north. Produces 
all of the good tobacco. Friendly natives. Civilization somewhat 
advanced. iS^ot -yet developed. Possible rich minerals. Population, 
825,000. Subic Bay best harbor for coaling purposes and military. 
Water deep; landlocked; easily defended. Strategically, command of 
bay and city of Manila, with arsenal at Cavite, most valuable. Panay, 
Cebu, Negros thickly populated, most civilized, and well cultivated. 
Iloilo second commercial port; center of sugar trade; a good harbor 
strategically; in view of the situation, good for defense. Cebu third 
commercial port; a good harbor, very desirable. No coal of good qual- 
ity can be procured in Philippine Islands. Some has been mined on 
Cebu, English company. I trust it may not be necessary to order me 
to Washington. Should regret very much to leave here while matters 
remain in present critical condition. 

Dewey. 



Washington, August 27, 1898. 
Dewey, Manila: 

The President has received your telegram, and will respect your 
wishes and not direct you to leave your present duty. He desires you 
to communicate to General Merritt'your views upon the general ques- 
tion of the Philippines, with such information as you have, and to 
transmit to the President in writing by the quickest method (possibly 
by hand of Merritt) the substance of your suggestions to Merritt. 

Allen. 



[Mutilated in transmission.] 

Hongkong, A ugxst 17, 1898. 
Secretary of the :N"avy, Washington. 

Send the following telegram: 
To Adjutaxt-Gknerai. : 

Insurgents demand joint occupation of the city. Inform me how far I shall pro- 
ceed in forcing obedience of the insurgents in this matter and others that may arise. 
Is the Government willing to use all means and * * * the natives to submit to 
authority of United States? Mekritt. 

Dewey. 



64 

WASlimcJTON, AufjKst 17, 1S98. 
Dewey, Hon<ikon<i : 

Answering your Joint cable, the President directs as follows: 
There must be no joint occupation with the insurgents. The United 
States, in the possession of city, bay, and harbor of Manila, must pre- 
serve peace, protecting persons and property in tlie territory occupied 
by their military and naval forces. Insurgents and all others must rec- 
ognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and 
the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. C sc any means 
in your judgment necessary to this end. All law abiding people must 
be treated alike. 

Allen. 



Manila, August 23, 1898. 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington : 

A large number of vessels of all classes in bay and river wlien Manila 
was taken. All were registered as Spanish property, and, as such, prizes 
of the lleet. Have control of all of them, but aHow some to be used by 
former possessors to facilitate commerce. Shall i)rizes be appraised 
and bonded and put in regular trade, or held in port pending appoint- 
ment by the President of prize commissioners "i 

Dewey. 



Washington, August .23, 189S. 
Dewey, Manila: 

Shipping, when taken in consequence of joint operation of land and 
naval forces, not subject to condemnation as j)rize under the statutes. 
Supreme Court so decided. Private shipping belonging to enemy may 
be taken for use of Government, but our jjolicy is not to take nnless 
needed for public purposes. 

Allen. 



Manila, August 26, 1898. 
Secretary of Navy, Washington: 

Important that commerce should commence. There are a number of 
registered Spanish steamers here that are ready to begin trading. Will 
the Government authorize that they sail under neutral flags ? Answer. 

Dewey. 



Washington, August 27, 1898. 
Dewey, Manila: 

Keplying to your telegram of 26th, there is no objection to Spanish 
steamers trading, in a legitimate way, under their own flag, or the flags 
of such nations as the vessels may be legally transferred to. Spanish 
vessels are being allowed to trade in American waters now, sailing 
under their own flag. There is no reason why the same practice should 
not prevail in Manila, subject to such supervision as the situation may 
require. 

Allen, Acting Sevi-etary. 



65 

Washington, August 27, 1898. 
Dewey, ITongl-ong: 
Trausmittiug telegram received by State Department: 

Larj^e number Spanish priests and civil officers, an element dangerous to United 
States, wish to leave for Hongkong. No means of transportation. Army authori- 
ties willing to send transports same via Hongkong, but lack authority. Will War 
Department cable me authorization? No expense to Government. Officers all 
advise measnie. 

Williams, Consul. 

The President desires your views and suggestions upon this subject. 

Allen. 



Manila, August 28, 1898. 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington: 

Am advised that in addition to Spanish civil authorities there are 
about 750 priests, who are anxious to leave the country. Stronj^Iy 
advise that they be given passage to Hongkong, as thej^ are heartily 
disliked by the insurgents, and their departure would tend to appease 
latter and to promote harmony 

Dewey. 



Washington, August 29, 1898. 
Dewey, Manila : 

At the instance of the French ambassador, information concerning 
treatment of Spanish prisoners by insurgents is requested. 

Allen, Acting Secretary. 



Manila, August 31, 1898. 
Secretary of the Navy, Washington : 

Referring to your telegram of August 29, from my observation and 
that of my officers, the Spanish prisoners are not treated cruelly by 
the insurgents, but they are neglected, not from design, but owing to 
want of proper food supply, medical outfit, and attendance. 

Dewey. 



Washington, September 7, 1898. 
Dewey, Manila: 

By direction of the President, you will exert your influence during 
suspension of hostilities between United States and Spain to restrain 
insurgent hostilities toward SjDaniards, and while maintaining a posi- 
tion of rightful supremacy as to the insurgents to pursue, so far as pos- 
sible, a conciliatory course to all. 

Allen, Acting Secretary, 

141625. 

[Services rendered bj Belgian consul at Manila.] 

No. 440 D.] U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olympia, Manila, August 17, 1898. 
Sir: I have the honor to inform the Department of the services 
rendered by Mr. Edouard C. Andre, the Belgian consul at Manila, who, 
knowing that the fall of the city was inevitable, has been most assidu- 

1371 5 



fi6 

ous in bis endeavors to bring about its surrender witliout loss of life or 
property. 

This gentleman has acted as intermediary between the two Governor- 
Generals on the one hand and General Merritt and myself on the other, 
carrying several important communications, among them a message from 
me to the Governor-General to the effect that if the numerous batteries 
on the water front of the walled city kept silent the city would not be 
shelled. The effect of this was the capture of this rich and poi)ulous 
city without loss of life to the squadron or to uoncombatants and with 
little or none to our army. 

It may be mentioned here that the Governor-General and Captain- 
General, Don Basilio Augustin, was relieved of command aud authority 
on the 4th instant by Don Fermin Jaudenes, the former second in com- 
mand. This change was made under orders from Madrid and the cause 
was said to have been that Don Basilio Augustin was disposed to sur- 
render without a struggle. 

The new Governor-General being thus committed to make a strong 
resistance, it is much to the credit of Mr. Andre that his counsel pre- 
vailed, and that in the attack the city batteries did not fire. 

I trust that the Government will see fit to make some acknowledg- 
ment of Mr. Andre's valuable services. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

George Dewey, 
Bear- Admiral, U. iS. N'., 
CommanMng TJ. 8. Naval Force on Asiatic Station. 

The Secretary of toe Xavy, 

Navy Bepartmentj Washington, B. G. 



141451. 

[Seizure of steamer Ahhy.} 
[Received at Washington, D. C, September 27, 1898.] 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington: 

Having received information American steamer J.&Z^^ left Macao Sep- 
tember 21 with cargo of arms for Bataugas sent McCuUoch. 

Arrived Batangas 23d, found her in harbor having arrived three days 
earlier and landed cargo. Only Philippiuos on board. They refused 
to give any information and had no papers whatever. Seized and 
brought her here, where now hold her. This steamer, formerly Pasig, 
registered American vessel. United States consulate, Canton, have 
information she made one voyage of same kind before 

Dewey. 

7.12 A. M. 



147192. 

United States Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

Flagship Olympia, Cavite, P. L, September 19, 1898. 
Sir: In accordance with paragraph /, article 260, United States 
Navy Eegulations, I have the honor to submit the following report of 
the operations of the United States Naval Force on Asiatic Station 
during the period from July 1, 1897, to August 31, 1898: 

The squadron was under the command of Rear-Admiral F. Y. 
McNair, U. S. N., until January 3, 1898, when I relieved him. 



67 

It has included the followiug vessels during the period covered by 
this report: 

Oli/mpia, iiagship. 

Boston. 

Monocaey. 

Fetrel. 

Yorktown; left the station (at Yokohama) October 2, 1897. 

Machias; left the station (at Aden) January 9, 189S. 

Concord; arrived on station (at Yokohama) February 9, 1898. 

Ealekjh; arrived on station (at Aden) January 5, 1898. 

McCulIochj revenue cutter; attached to station (at Hongkong) April 
17, 1898. 

Baltimore; arrived on station (at Yokohama) Ai)ril 11, 1898. 

Nanshan, collier; purchased (at Hongkong) April 0, 1898. 

Zajiro, supi)ly vessel; purchased (at Hongkong) April 11, 1898. 

Manila ; captured (at Cavite) May 1, 1898. 

Callao ; captured (at Cavite) May 1, 1898. 

Charleston; arrived on station (at Cavite) June 30, 1898. 

City of PeJdnf/, transport and storeship ; arrived on station (at Manila) 
June 30, 1898; left station (at Manila) June 30, 1898. 

Monterey; arrived on station (at Manila) August 4, 1898. 

Brutus, collier; arrived on station (at Manila) August 4, 1898. 

Monadnocl- ; arrived on station (at Manila) August IG, 1898. 

Nero, collier; arrived on station (at Manila) August 10, 1898. 

During the first part of the fiscal year the routine work of the 
squadron was carried on, nearly all the ports on the China and Japan 
coasts being visited, and especial attention being paid to Chemulpo on 
account of the disturbed condition of Korea. 

On February 20, 1898, orders from the Department were received 
to assemble the squadron at Hongkong, and all the vessels except the 
Monocaey were sent there with the greatest possible dispatch. The 
Xanshan and Zajiro were purchased and filled with coal and provisions, 
and all vessels were kept ready to move at twenty-four hours' notice. 

On April 25 the stjuadron, now consisting of the Olympia, Boston, 
Raleiyh, Baltimore, Concord, Petrel, McCuIloch, Xanshan, and Zafiro, 
proceeded to Mirs Bay, China, in consequence of the neutrality procla- 
mation of the governor of Hongkong, and on the 27th sailed for the 
Philippines. 

On the night of April 30 the squadron entered Manila Bay through 
the Boca Grande, inettectively opposed by the batteries at that entrance, 
which fired only a tew shots. 

At daybreak on May 1 engaged the Spanish squadron at Cavite 
and the shore batteries at Cavite and Manila, the engagement resulting 
in the destruction of the Spanish squadron and the capture of the 
Cavite batteries and naval arsenal with the armed transport Manila 
and numerous small vessels and tugs. 

On May 3 the Raleigh and Baltimore proceeded to the entrance of 
the bay and took the batteries there without resistance, paroling the 
garrisons. 

A strict blockade of Manila was now established, the squadron hav- 
ing complete possession of the bay, with headquarters at Cavite, where 
the arsenal was occupied and put in order and the workshops used for 
small repairs. 

This arsenal contains excellent machine shops, with good facilities 
for making repairs of small extent; also numerous storehouses and 
living quarters in good condition. There are two slips for hauling out 



68 



small vessels. The arsenal lias been put in excellent order by Com- 
nuiiider E. P. Wood, U. S. Xavy, and has beeu made a valuable adjunct 
to the fleet, being used for repairs to the vessels of the fleet, the trans- 
ports, and the numerous tugs aud laujiches. Native laborers and 
mechanics have been employed. Much credit is due to Chief Engineer 
E. T. Ilall, U. S. Navy, who has had charge of the steam engineering 
Department and has conducted it with energy and ability. 

On May 12 the Spanish gunboat Callao entered the bay and was 
taken, her crew being paroled. The Callao and Ifanila were commis- 
sioned as tenders to the flagship. 

The first detachment of the army arrived on June 30, convoyed by 
the Baltimore, which had been sent to Cape Eugano for that purpose. 
The Charleston accompanied this expedition, having, on June 21, taken 
possession, in the name of the United States, of Guam and the Ladrone 
Islands. The troops of this, as of the other expeditions, were landed 
with the assistance of the squadron. 

On July 7 the Raleigh and Concord proceeded to Subic Bay and cap- 
tured Isla Grande, at its entrance, without serious resistance. 

There being no cable communication the McCidloch and Zafiro made 
frequent voyages to Hongkong with dispatches. 

On August"l3, having previously summoned the Spanish governor- 
geueral to surrender, the army and the fleet under my command made 
a joint attack upon the city of Manila, resulting in its capture without 
loss or damage to the fleet. 

The blockade was then raised and the port opened to commerce. 
The Pasig River, which had been obstructed with sunken vessels by 
the Spanish, was cleared, and the lights and aids to navigation rees- 
tablished. This work was carried on by Captain Glass, of the Charles- 
ton, who had been appointed captain of the port. 

The Baleif/h, Olymjria, Co7icor<l, and Boston have been sent to Hong- 
kong to dock; the other vessels to follow shortly. 

Detailed statements of the movements of the various vessels are con- 
tp-ined in the cruising reports on file in the Department. 

The number of tons of coal consumed and cost thereof are as follows: 



I 



Vessel. 



Cost. 



Number 
of tons 
of which 
cost not 
given. 



Olympia and tenders. 

Baltimore 

Boston 

Charleston 

Concord 

McCuUoch 

Monadnock 

Monocacy 

Monterey 

Petrel. .1 

Ealeigh 



376.5 

947 

568.7 

784.8 

114 

367. 5 

001.9 

794 

035 

002. 4 

921.6 



$96, 802. 04 
49, 978. 23 

33, 566. 18 
20, 769. 38 
10, 799. 96 

3, 722. 54 

34. 698. 48 
7. 366. 00 

24, 375. 70 
9,341.52 
38, 640. 68 



Total 32,813.4 



330. 060. 71 



1,143.3 



378.2 
569. 5 
427.3 



101 

l.iO 

1,252.2 



4,001.5 



The vessels generally are in excellent condition. They have been 
docked at the interval required by regulations, except when war service 
has interfered. The boiler tubes of the Boston give out frequently aud 
the boilers are limited to 70 pounds pressure. The Monocaq/ is in the 
same condition as at last report, and by order of the Department she 
is kept in the Yangtse Eiver. The Raleigh is in good condition, except 
the eugines and boilers, which have beeu under almost constant repair. 



69 



Owing to the faulty construction of lier fire rooms, tbe heat below is 
such that she will never be efficient in this regard. The Baltimore is 
in good condition, except the boilers, which are only fair. 

The efficiency of the vessels, as shown by their behavior in action, is 
excellent. 

The sqvmdron routine has been carried out, except when war service 
interfered. Eegular target practice was held according to prescribed 
methods during the first half of the fiscal year, after which it was dis- 
continued, the ammunition being needed for war purposes. Especial 
attention has been paid to subcaliber practice. The marksmanship in 
action was excellent. 

Discipline has been very good. The following table shows the num- 
ber of enlistments, discharges, desertions, general and summary courts- 
martial, and petty punishments : 



Vessel. 


Enlist- 
ments. 


Dis- 
charges. 


Deser- 
tions. 


General 
courts- 
martial. 


Special 
courts- 
martial. 


Petty 
punish- 
ments. 




70 

18 

11 

4 

3 

19 
14 
40 
42 
8 
40 


71 
8 
18 
2 
1 
14 
13 
29 
27 
5 
16 


13 
24 

8 


2 
22 
10 
42 
11 
23 


1 
1 
3 






s 

5 
3 


8 

12 

15 

9 

2 

3 

7 

9 

20 

9 

19 


963 




379 




430 




136 




154 


McCulloch . -• 


17 




395 




170 




484 




257 




849 






Total 


269 


204 


155 


16 


113 


4,234 







The sanitary condition has been remarkably good. A number of 
the vessels were for some time in a port where smallpox and plague 
were epidemic, but they escaped entirely, although the contagion reached 
other men-of-war in the harbor. During four months in Manila Bay 
there has been almost no sickness. The following table shows the per- 
centages of sick, number of deaths, number sent to hospital, and number 
invalided home: 



Vessel. 


Sick. 


Deaths. 


Hospital. 


Home. 




Per cent. 
1.25 
1.24 
2.16 

2.88 
2.58 
8.80 
1.16 
2.17 
1.19 
2.48 
5.77 


t 



2 


2 

1 


1 

2 


36 
18 

9 
12 

3 

7 
22 
19 
18 


15 


6 




2 




4 












McCulloch -- 


4 




2 




1 




1 


Petrel ' 


2 




2 








12 


159 


24 









I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

George Dewey, 

Rear- Admiral^ U. S. N.y 
Commanding U. S. Naval Force on Asiatic Station, 

The Secretary of the Navy, 

Navy Department, Washington, D. G, 

(Bureau of Navigation.) 

5898 9 



70 

Manila, September 24, 1898. 
Seceetary Navy, Washington: 

Following- former Spanish vessels in my possession: Manila, commis- 
sioned July 20, Lieut. Commander Frederic Siuger; Callao, commis- 
sioned July 2, Lieut. Benjamin Tappan ; gnnboat Ley te, also one gunboat, 
name doubtful, believed [to be] Mindanao ; also armed launch Baroelo, 
temporarily commissioned for action August 13, JSTaval Cadet W. R. 
White. 

Dewey. 



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